Fat or Fit? Essay

Fat or fit? Which is normally preferred? Working out and living a healthy lifestyle not only benefits one’s body, it also helps motivate the people around them. It also benefits their way of thinking. Stress relief and concentration, self-confidence, strength and endurance, and longevity are just a few benefits which can be expected as a result of working out. People can stress over the simplest thing. Writing an essay is a great example. One can get writer’s block or overwork their mind. Working out helps take the mind of things which leads to clarity and concentration. Once a body gets into the habit of working out, the body adapts to the constant work, which gives energy and makes one feel less groggy by sweating out the toxins that effect the body. One of the better things about working out is the self-confidence. A better body is in fact guaranteed if you stick to a strict diet and exercise. Not only will one feel more confident about themselves, but they will have that charisma that will make them a better person than they were before. Who knows, one actually might work up the courage to ask out that special someone. There have been many people who have searched for the fountain of youth hoping for longevity, one including legendary Spanish explorer/conquistador Juan Ponce de Leon. It is not the fountain they should be looking for; instead, they should be looking how to live a healthier lifestyle. Jack Lalanne lived to be a healthy 97 year old man with the help of diet and exercise. If a body is treated good both physically and nutritionally, the body will return the favor. Staying fit also allows you to be there for friends and family when needed. The best thing of all when it comes to working out is the strength and endurance. Strength allows one to carry out physical tasks, where endurance gives the ability to last. Besides having a better body, one will be able to do things they were incapable of doing before. Helping someone carry a refrigerator or lifting a 150 pound log that fell on a random passerby are the kind of things you can do when you have the strength. With endurance  one can play football at the beach and look great doing it. They can also run that marathon they have been wanting to join. One will be able to act out, do numerous things, and live their life the way it was meant to be lived, to the fullest. Living a healthier lifestyle changes not only one’s life, but also influences the ones around them. When exercise and diet come together one can drastically change their life. Just like the words of the late Jack Lalanne, â€Å"Exercise is king and nutrition is queen: together, you have a kingdom.†

Determined and Free Will Essay

At this point in my life I believe there is a balance in how many of our choices are determined and how many are free. The things that are determined for us are factors like what we are born into such as our ethnicity and social status. Also, if your parents are religious, you are raised under the influence of that religion. Most children embrace that faith as their own. These are life factors that you can change eventually, but usually due to societal influences you stay with these predetermined decisions. Certain determined things won’t ever be able to be altered. The color of your skin, and how you are treated because of it, is determined by where we are placed in life. Whether we are born with a medical condition or disorder is something we have no control over. Also, whether we have access to higher education or opportunity to move social classes. Many circumstances we don’t have power over are situational. The free will choices in our lives are day-to-day decisions that we make. However, these choices can have a major impact in our lives. I think there are many influences that can affect your free will, but the final decision lies in your own hands. You decide what social and personal influences infiltrate your decision, and in that is power. Things like your faith and morals shape who you are, so to make a decision with absolutely no influence is not necessarily of your own â€Å"free will†. Free will is having a say in your own decisions, it doesn’t matter what influences you unless you feel it limits you. I also believe that people differ in the amount of free will they have. The predetermined factors are generally the same for everyone, but the free choices are different. This is because people choose to let certain factors limit them, and others do not. If someone cares whether others judge him or her, they are less likely to decide to do something they really want if it is odd or embarrassing. Same method works if someone cares if their parents approve or not of their choices. These are limitations to your free will that you choose to adhere to.

Charles Lamb Declines an Invitation

In this letter, Charles Lamb declines an invitation Into Cumberland from the English Romantic Poet, William Wordsmith. Lamb uses multiple techniques to help him decline this Invite. For example, Lamb expresses to Wordsmith how much he loves London and the fact that he never wants to leave the attachments he had made there. He also explains that he is neither interested nor passionate to join Wordsmith and his sister on their Journey into Cumberland. Lamb also uses tone in his letter. Because readers can interpret tone differently, it is no stretch to say thatLamb demonstrates several tones in his letter. These tones can be discerned throughout the letter, providing a message that could be viewed In numerous ways. The tones he uses include irony and mocking himself. Although there are many people all over the world who wish for better things and arent fortunate like others, there are also many people that are extremely happy with their life and would not want it to be any other way. One of the few techniques and rhetorical strategies that Lamb used in his letter was expressing to Wordsmith that he loves London for many reasons.He loved It because of the loud noise and the hustling people. Lamb wants Wordsmith to understand that he doesnt want to leave London for a trip in peaceful Cumberland. Lamb proves to be in love with London and all its craziness and would not enjoy himself in a relaxing place like Cumberland. Lamb is used to crowded streets, sleepless nights and the big city of London. Charles Lamb informed Wordsmith of the many reasons why he was very satisfied with his life and the many local attachments that he had made to London. He explained to Wordsmith that he didnt want to leave all of that behind on his runner.Two of the most significant characteristics one should have are passion and interest. If one isnt passionate about something they shouldnt be involved. One does something because they feel Interested to do It and feel determined and happy about that decision. That Is an example of another rhetorical strategy and technique that Lamb used to make Wordsmith realize that he was not interested in joining him and his sister on the trip to Cumberland. Lamb explains to Wordsmith that he does not care for nature, and would prefer spending his time in the busy streets ofLondon. He had nothing inside of him telling him that he really wanted to accept the offer. Because Wordsmith assuming needed Lamb to be passionate about the Journey, It was a strong technique for Lamb to use. When declining the invitation into Cumberland. The tones used by Lamb are mocking humor and irony. Lamb mocks himself when explaining to Wordsmith the reasons why he loved London. All of the reasons would not sound appealing to anyone expect himself. He describes London as a dirty, loud and busy place, which would usually not attract most people.Most people would rather be in a relaxing and quiet place but Lamb preferred the busy lifestyle. This is using a mocking and humorous tone because he is insulting his choices as a person and realizes that it is bizarre to love such things. He also uses an ironic tone because he is stating the exact opposite to what Wordsmith is surely thinking. Wordsmith would assume that Lamb would love to Join him on such a Journey because it is what he loves to do. Wordsmith loves nature and exploring. However, Lamb expresses to him that he loves the exact opposite and would rather be in a place like London, than explore beautiful mountains and nature. In conclusion, Lamb used great techniques and tones to decline the invitation to Cumberland with Wordsmith. He expresses that he loves the London lifestyle and that he has no determination or interest in Joining in their Journey. He uses a humorous mocking tone and an ironic tone throughout the letter to help him explain to Wordsmith that he doesnt want to go to Cumberland. His use of tones and rhetorical techniques make Hornwort not get offended by Lambs response and also understand where he is coming from.

Chapter 7 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Chapter 7 - Essay Example Team work emphasis Ordinarily, the claim of hatred of people in different functions by Richard Palemo of Xerox is true and binding. The variation in attitude of hatred could be as a result of many reasons. The members do not show respect with one another. When an organization lacks respect among the employees there would be hatred and no unity will be in the organization. The problem of superiority complex and lack of appreciation in the organization has also been the source of hatred. Most of the employees cannot stand to work in the place where there is no appreciation and promotion. Hatred towards the senior develops when the demand for the workers are not met. In addition lack of common purpose could also be a source of hatred. To solve these problems in the departments, I will institute a proper mechanism that will make the employees to have same vision and purpose.Ordinarily, same purpose will promote collaboration and this reduces hatred. There is also need for motivation and appreciation among the employees. Hatred will reduce when employees are promoted or given incentives when they perform. Above all, there is also the need for proper communication among the

Act of Identity Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Act of Identity - Assignment Example Whites are attracted by blacks’ cultural differences generated by mainstream social constructions despite being seen as a forbidden narrative, as well as a symbol of rebellion. He identified himself with hip-hop culture, wore baggy jeans, a reverse baseball cap, designer sneakers, as well as developing a taste to rap music. He interacted a lot with blacks and even changed the way he spoke and imitated the AAVE just like African American. Mike even criticized groups he viewed as anti-African American, such as Jews and Koreans. He even accused his mother of being racists by referring to one of his African American childhood friend as Negro (Cutler, 316). This shows how strongly he valued African Americans despite his mother’s dislike of the blacks. Moreover, he felt the name Negro was more offensive and hurting, and since he was fond of his childhood friend, he never wanted any form of hurt directed at him. He tried to associate with poverty in order to prove his authenti city to hip–hop. Therefore, by identifying with the African American culture, Mike wanted to be unique from other whites who were discriminating against the blacks. Moreover, he felt the need to socialize and study or learn the African American culture, as he wanted to lead that particular life. Mike even began using drugs and joined groups of gangs, thus making him collide with police. Another gang group broke his arms. At the age of 15, despite joining another private high school, he continued to use AAVE and hip hop terms like yo, I’ m sayin’ even though he now had modified his speech and was heading towards a better English (Cutler, 315). This showed that he used associated with the African American culture as a form of getting entertainment. Since he belonged to various African American gang groups, he intended to get friends who could help him realize his self. Therefore, he got entertained from activities of the group. Even though at one point he got inju red, he never abandoned the group despite his mother’s plea. Contrastingly, despite abandoning his former lifestyle, never shed the gangster image but still get involved in violent actions and confrontations. 2) Dowdy’s mother expected them to embrace colonization in order to become successful and to up hold their uncle’s image and family status. She argued that as survivors of the long years of slavery, the only way of ensure prosperity is by adopting the British language (Dowdy 2). Moreover, Dowd’s country had many expectations from the colonists. For instance, their books had to be published by British publication houses while the best student writing had to read by foreign audiences such as General of Certificate of Education in London (Dowdy 4). The newspapers in Trinidad had to be produced in the best English in order to enable the Majesty to read despite having got independence twelve years ago. Her mother also expected them to learn ballet, take p iano lessons, join choirs, and dress in the best way as per British fashion. However, the more she tried to please her mother, grandmother, and teachers, the more she got alienated from her friends and peers. Despite speaking the Queen’s language fluently, she frequently got mocked by her friends thus, making her feel lonely and in a different world from peers. For instance while my friends used Trinidadian to express their innermost thoughts and desires, she used the Queen’s language to please her family members and teacher and thus, lived in two different countries. She claims that the colonizer valued the native language for the colonized for entertainment. It underrates the colonizers language. Therefore, the successful colonized person remains in two worlds, the

Difference between British Sign Language and English Essay

Difference between British Sign Language and English - Essay Example This is because everything in BSL including the phonetics defines elements such as the hand shape, location, motion, and orientation. However, in English, it is different in that the phonetics of English language are defined by the phonologic characteristics like voicing; that which makes the sounds either silent or voiced, also the lip shape, and the position of the tongue. From other studies in linguistics, people have also established that the English language follows a given order of the three main components of a sentence; subject, object, and predicate. However, the grammar of BSL is different whereby the order used is the topic-comment structure of a sentence. In BSL also, some words are treated as different parts of the sentence as it ends up splitting a sentence into different parts. For example, in a sentence like; why was the brown cow eating grass in your garden yesterday? When we translate this into BSL, then the order of the sentence will follow the order of; timeline, location, object, subject, verb, and finally the question. Thus in BSL, the sentence will be, yesterday your garden grass brown cows eat why?, These are some of the differences between BSL and English. It is said that at there is a significant difference between the British sign language and the English language. According to( Sutton-Spence and Woll 1999) an example like; I take some plates from the table if this sentence is translated into English, the order of the sentence changes. As stated earlier, BSL has the structure of topic-comment whereby the main topic is placed first, and the doer comes at the end of the sentence. In this sentence then, the main topical subjects are a table’ and plate’ and the doer of the action is ‘I’. the I in the sentence comes at the end of the sentence, and it is equal to pointing in BSL.  Ã‚  

Patterns of Employee Motivation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Patterns of Employee Motivation - Research Paper Example The motivated taskforce not only helps in achieving the organizational tasks accurately but also assure the long-term success of the firm. Pinder (1998) asserts that motivation is an energizing force. It gives energy to the workforce in moving ahead with the same pace. Different organizations have different patterns of employee motivation. The process of employee motivation is difficult for distinct patterns of human behaviour. This paper aims to analyze the motivating factors of employees in organizations, including a discussion on practical and realistic ways of motivating a diverse workforce in an organization. In order to successfully implement a motivational plan for employees, it is important to understand and know the behavioural patterns of the employees. It is not an easy task to individually assess and analyze the behavioural pattern of each employee. However, researchers have helped in making decisions about the behavioural patterns by providing three broad categories. The first category involves the ‘self-actualized’ employees who are never de-motivated and have high spirits and passion to achieve the goals. It involves an estimated 10 per cent of the total workforce. The second category involves ‘fence sitters’, who can be motivated using the motivational techniques and skills. The largest group of the workforce belongs to this category (i.e. around 80%). The third category involves the remaining 10 per cent of employees who are difficult to be managed and motivated. These employees do not intend to achieve anything over and above their current performanc e. In other words, they do not have any intention to get motivated and improve their performance. The importance of categorizing the employees is the fact that the middle category (i.e. 80-90%) of the employees get motivated to improve their performance by the way self-actualized employees are treated and rewarded (Subburaj. 2005). The most important factor to consider before implementing any technique of employee motivation is to understand the nature of the workforce, categorize employees into groups and apply appropriate motivational techniques for each group.     

Proposal for Corporate social responsibility Assignment

Proposal for Corporate social responsibility - Assignment Example Therefore, this study represents an important contribution to the CSR literature in US (Aaronson & Reeves, 2002, p.59). This research examined the relevance of and the theoretical contributions of different management theories, particularly the triple bottom line and the competitive advantage theory that help managers understand the relevance of competing through quality assurance. The Competitive Advantage -This is an advantage in the intrinsic and extrinsic parts of the company and this theory is concerned with the competition between the company and its competitors through offering better values than their competitors (Competitive advantage ,2010, p.102). Strong values come from the culture of the company which later transforms to be the values of the customers and later the values of the society. Values generally come from the customers and the stakeholders which are both important to the success of business. Developing values that are sustainable will depend on the relationship of the organization with the employees, partners, shareholders, suppliers and also media (Enquist & Edvardsson, 2009, p.89). Brands are very important for any company as they communicate to the customers or every stakeholder the image of the company and their products. In order to stall the â€Å"values-based service brand† the company must employ CSR strategies to maintain its business in long run. Virtually, CSR serves the best way to communicate to all the customers and stakeholders in an efficient manner. These strategies touch with values of service brands and enable the company to obtain the good resonances from all stakeholders (Enquist & Edvardsson, 2009, p.234). In the business activities carried out today, many strategies are outlaid in running them. Of late, CSR has developed swiftly. Individuals have started demanding that companies take their social responsibility in their

Globalisation,Transnationals and Economic Development in Uk(78114003) Essay

Globalisation,Transnationals and Economic Development in Uk(78114003) - Essay Example sult of such a trend, the globalization - as an idea or an activity – has been expanded in most of countries around the world creating specific obligations and rights for both the states and the individuals. Current paper examines the effects globalization in the local economic development of UK particularly in relation with the position and the activities of the transnationals. It should be noticed that the analysis of the above subject is taken place presenting at a first stage the current situation in the international community (regarding this particular issue) and at a next level, the findings are compared with the ones of the UK financial market in order to formulate a secure assumption on the problem. On the other hand, a series of particular issues are been exposed (with reference to the UK market) which should be considered before arriving in any conclusion regarding the specific subject. The post-World War II ‘phenomenon of globalization-the increasingly close international integration of markets both for goods and services, and for capital - may in many ways be viewed as a resumption of a trend observed in the world economy a century ago; by some measures, international economic integration increased just as much in the 50 years before World War I as in recent decades, and reached comparable levels; then, as now, integration was driven in large part by the proliferation of markets and rapid technological change. The process was interrupted and reversed from 1914 to after World War II’ (World Economic Outlook, 1997) Globalization is a term ‘variously employed, even by experts within a single discipline; moreover, there is substantial debate, not only about its definition, but also about whether it is actually occurring, its significance, and how it shapes our future’ [8]. At its most accepted form globalization ‘rests upon, or simply is, the growth in international exchange of goods, services, and capital, and the increasing levels of

Crime analysis and investigation 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Crime analysis and investigation 2 - Essay Example Such an environment is most favorable for criminals and morally weak employees can make a lot of unjust money. The criminals can be experienced and trusted employees. One such story of crime is narrated in this paper. (Actors are Mr. X and the client). Mr. X has been working as a Marketing Manager for ABC company for over 5 years. He is responsible for earning the company new contracts. ABC company has been performing services in the Construction Industry for quite a while and has managed to gain the satisfaction of clients. Often, a client would directly approach ABC company for the execution of a new project. Therefore, the clients make negotiated contracts with ABC company. Mr. X makes all correspondence with the client on behalf of ABC company. One day a client calls him since the client wants ABC company to perform the services of a contractor on his upcoming project. Mr. X and the client exchange words. The client told Mr. X that he wants ABC company to construct a plaza for him. He says that he wants a lump sum contract with ABC company and gives Mr. X a set of drawings and the contract documents. Mr. X does not discuss about the offer with the owners, and tells the client an exaggerated price on behalf of the ABC company. He does that so that he can convince the client that he should instead choose Mr. X for his new project instead of ABC company. He tells the client that he is ready to complete the project at a much lower price than that of ABC company. The client accepts the offer and selects Mr. X to perform the services of contractor for his project. Thus Mr. X commits the crime of betraying his company and meets the clients for personal

Visages of Two Stories Essay Example for Free

Visages of Two Stories Essay Flannery O’Connor’s A Good Man is Hard to Find and Tobias Wolff’s Bullet in the Brain are two short stories each having unlikeable lead characters. Both stories revolved around the lives of the lead characters which were shown using humor and twists and turns. Flannery O’Connor, an American writer, was known for her Southern Gothic writing style. Her literary works are indicative of her beliefs of the Roman Catholic. Tobias Wolff, also an American writer, was known for his short stories and memoirs. A Good Man is Hard to Find is a story of a family going for a vacation. It began with the Grandmother explaining to her son Bailey about the murderous Misfit who was on the loose so she wouldn’t have to go to Florida for vacation and would instead have go to Tennessee. She was not able to persuade her son and the rest of the family. The next morning they drove off to Florida. The Grandmother portrayed the image of someone who was self-centered and unpleasant. She also seemed to be more concerned on how she would look like a Christian than act like one. In the end, the family was murdered by the Misfit and his two cohorts. The Bullet in the Brain, on the other hand, began in with a book critic named Anders who was on a bank one day. Similar to the Grandmother from O’Connor’s story, Anders was also one character who is unlikeable. He depicted someone who was ill-tempered and sardonic. While waiting in a long line of customers, two bank robbers entered the scene and threatened the people. Anders was someone who was not intimidated by anyone, even by bank robbers. And here is where the trouble for the protagonist began. Instead of doing the right thing, he ridiculed the robbers which resulted to his death. The Grandmother and Anders were two comical people who talked too much. Before the two died, they presented their own sentiments which the readers would have, undoubtedly, felt. There was an unexpected turn of events when the Grandmother was about to be killed. She suddenly claimed that the Misfit was a good man. This was contrary to what she had mentioned about the Misfit at the beginning of the story. She mentioned that would not take her children to a place with an unconfined criminal. She said her conscience would not be able to bear it if she did. The position she was in at the end of the story, seemed to have taken out the goodness and the true Christian from her. Because of the fear and the pressure she felt, she was able to see the goodness in the hands of something or someone so evil. What happened to Anders was another thing. Before he died, Wolff presented the things that the protagonist did not think of: the disappointments in his relationship with his family, the boredom he felt towards his work, etc. And by the time the readers were building inside then the sadness and the sympathy towards Anders, the author provided what Anders was thinking at that crucial moment. And boom, it was really unexpected because at that very moment before he died what he thought of was his sarcasm in his early years. And the seemingly sad ending of the story turned out to be odd and amusing. The evil in the two stories have had similar and contrasting effects to the lead characters. The Grandmother and Anders had their share of insight with regards to the incident. The Grandmother may only be saving herself from death or she could have really realized the Misfit had goodness in him and that her prejudices were untrue. Nevertheless, it was too late for her. In Anders case, what he remembered before he died was what he was truly about. The last scenario substantiated the fact about Anders’ attitude. In the stories, varying prejudices can be observed and this shows that each one of us is entitled to own opinions and sets of truths. References: OConnor, Flannery. A Good Man Is Hard to Find. 1955. Wolff, Tobias. Bullet in the Brain. 1995.

Polysar Limited Essay Example for Free

Polysar Limited Essay Executive Summary This report seeks to explain the key differences between the NASA (North American South American) and EROW (Europe and rest of world) sales performance over the past nine months. There are several reasons causing the sales performance figures currently stemming from NASA to be incomparable with the EROW numbers, including the current practice of transferring large quantities of regular butyl rubber from the Sarnia to the Antwerp production facilities. As Polysar operates globally, it is also important to consider certain international aspects and specific risks. These include, foreign currency exchange fluctuations, potentially creating gains or losses, as well as international taxes and tariffs. The decisions made regarding allocation of profits between the two geographic centers will directly impact the taxes paid in either location. ADD ON WITH SPECIFICS Introduction A high-level overview of Polysar Limited provides an all-encompassing image of the nature of this case, necessary to later effectively focus in on specific financial details and problems. Polysar is Canada’s largest chemical company, with the North American production facility located in Sarnia Ontario. The company splits into 3 main groups including petrochemicals, diversified products, and rubber, of which the latter is the largest representing 46% of sales. This rubber division is the core of the report, as its success is vital to Polysar. The rubber division is split into two geographic centers, in Sarnia Ontario and Antwerp Belgium respectively. (See Appendix 1 for graphical representation). Both geographic centers produce both regular butyl and halobutyl rubbers. In 1985, Sarnia opened a second production facility that has not yet reached capacity. By comparison, Antwerp has only one facility operating at full capacity and still unable to meet demand for regular butyl rubber. To cope with this, the Sarnia transfers large quantities of its production to Antwerp at cost. The inability of the Sarnia facility to earn a profit from these transferred units represents one of the main causes of concern regarding sales performance figures. In order to correctly and efficiently asses the current situation, we will be reviewing a number of criteria, and from there introduce and analyze several alternatives presented by these assessments. Further Recommendations Transfer Pricing As you are aware, the NASA segment is currently charging EROW for the butyl rubber being transferred in order to meet the European demand. This charge is currently calculated on the basis of NASA’s cost. This is only one of three possible approaches that are used to set to transfer prices internally within Polysar Limited. The three options that may be considered are: 1. Set transfer prices at cost 2. Set transfer prices at a negotiated mutually agreed upon level 3. Set transfer prices at the market value  Currently, as the first option is implemented, this is causing the two major problems. The first is in regards to the product mix produced within the Sarnia production facilities. As no profit is recorded for the units that are transferred, the product mix may be decided on a sub-optimal basis. Our team recommends further investigation to determine the necessary information as to if the costs to produce the halobutyl and butyl rubbers within both NASA and EROW. This could lead to decisions of specialization in the Sarnia plants or Antwerp plant for one type of rubber produced if cost savings for that product line is higher than transportation costs of shipping to the other facility. Additionally, another problem being experienced through the current transfer pricing approach is that the NASA does not show any profit on the Polysar internal transfer of rubber. Consequently, the EROW segment may record this profit without the same having the additional fixed costs pertaining to the costly initial investment of the second Sarnia plant amounting $550 million and the associated depreciation. This leads to an unfair representation of profitability for the two cost centers. In terms of which to use for Polysar Limited’s Rubber Segment, setting prices at cost hereby benefits the EROW center, whereas using market price would benefit the NASA segment. This is because then NASA is recording revenue for the units transferred, whereas EROW will not, (provided that the prices in both markets are similar – international arbitrage). With Polysar’s company wide profitability in mind, as well as spirit of fairness in representation for both segments using a de-centralized approach, our recommendation is the use of negotiated transfer pricing. This occurs when the NASA and EROW segments collaborate to agree on a selling/purchasing price for the internationally transferred butyl supply. Implementing this will cause both segments to have better information of the costs and benefits associated with the transfer. To narrow down on what this transfer price should specifically be, a range of acceptable transfer prices will provide an estimate.  As this is an international transfer, there are even more considerations that become relevant. For example, the corporate tax rate applied in North American versus Europe should be considered. Furthermore, management should look specifically into duties, tariffs, foreign exchange rates and risks, as well as governmental relationships. By this token, charging Antwerp a lower transfer price will result in fewer Custom Duty payments as the rubber crosses borders. Flexible Versus Static Budgetary Systems Currently Polysar employs a static budget system for their budgeted level of rubber sales. However, if more butyl or halobutyl rubber is produced and then sold these will cause a variance as composed to budgeted figures. For  example, variable costs will go up, however this may simply be in direct correlation to the increased rubber produced. It is important to be able to analyze if variances are based on volume or cost differences. By tracing the cost variances more closely after implementing this flexible budget system, a better evaluation of management’s performance may be achieved. This can be directly used when considering compensation for managers. INSERT NUMBERS. Employee Compensation Plan Polysar uses the participative budgetary system, which is directly linked to employee compensation. Although this bottom-up approach to budgeting allows for accurate estimates due to managers with specific rubber cost knowledge being involved, it can cause a conflict of interest that may be costly. It is essential, and highly recommended that the NASA rubber division establish a budgetary committee to review the estimates made to ensure the lower level management has not added in budgetary slack intentionally in an effort to achieve their compensation figures based on meeting these targets. However, even the top management currently possesses a huge conflict of interest influencing them in the direction of allowing for budgetary slack as their compensation is up to 50% for both meeting divisional profits, as well as exceeding corporate profit targets. These targets can clearly be met, if costs have been artificially manipulated to be higher than expected. As it is improbable to find members of the budgetary committee who will be completed impartial and not subject to a bonus on the premise of meeting profit targets, responsible accounting should be implemented. This system holds each manager responsible for the estimate of the individual cost and revenue basis for which he or she was in charge of deciding. This means, he or she is essentially responsible to explain the differences between the actual and budgeted results. In order to negate the previously mentioned conflict of interest, it is recommended to include the amount of variance in a manager’s estimate in the calculate of compensation, hereby eliminated large bonuses if the original estimate was not within a certain range of the actual value (extra-ordinary occurrences excluded). Hedging of Risk The nature of the Polysar’s business contains a certain degree of  specialized risk. First and foremost, operating internationally in various currency zones contributes to foreign exchange risk. This can be hedged through capital markets, resulting in lowering risk for the corporation. Also, as there is a great degree of risk for the variable costs of production in relation to the oil, it is imperative to hedge this risk as well. It is very possible to hedge market commodity price risks through capital markets or advance purchase of these oil inputs. This can provide more stability for Polysar Limited as a whole, particularly the key rubber division. Capacity Analysis Appendices Appendix 1 Polysar Rubber

Laminar Air Flow In Controlling Operating Room Infection Nursing Essay

Laminar Air Flow In Controlling Operating Room Infection Nursing Essay Surgical site infections (SSIs) are defined as infections occurring within 30 days after surgical operation or within one year if an implant is left in place and affecting either the incision or deep tissue at the operation site (Owens and Stoessel 2008). SSIs are reported as the major cause of high morbidity and mortality among post -operative patients (Weigelt et.al. 2010). According to UK National Joint Registry Report, during 2003 -2006 period infection was responsible for about 19 % failure of joint surgery resulting in revision procedures (Sandiford and skinner 2009). Micro-organisms in the air particles settle on the wound, dressings and surgical instruments and cause infections (Chow and Yang 2005). Whyte et.al (1982) identified that contamination from patient s skin as the cause of infection in 2% cases and from theatre personnel in 98% cases. They also found that in 30% cases, contaminants reach the wound from theatre personnel via air and in 70% cases it is via hands. Generally air quality in the operating room is maintained ventilation system. Additional improvements can be achieved by laminar air-flow system or UV lights. Laminar air-flow system is expensive and require continues maintenance. Its installation increases building cost and the operational cost (Cacciariet.al., 2004: Hansen, 2005). Studies conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of laminar flow produced mixed results and there is no consensus on its role in infection control (Sandiford 2007). In this setting, this paper reviews the recent studies to examine the effectiveness of laminar air-flow in reducing SSIs. Studies for this review were found by searching on databases such as CINAHL, PubMed, Science Direct, Ovidsp, Science Citation Index (ISI) and Google scholar. Keywords used for this search are laminar air flow , surgical site infection , operating room air quality , airborne infections + operating theatre , LMA + infection control . As laminar air-flow is used mainly in orthopaedic theatres, majority of the studies are on joint surgery. OPERATING THEATRE AIR QUALITY AND INFECTION CONTROL Indoor air in an operating theatre contains dust which consists of substances released from disinfectant and sterilizers, respiratory droplets, insect parts smoke released from cautry. Dust particles act as a carrier for transporting microorganisms laden particles and can settle on surgical wound and there by cause infection (Neil 2005). Air particles are found to be responsible for about 80% 90% of microbial contamination (CDC 2005). Modern operating theatres are generally equipped with conventional ventilation system in which filters can remove airborne particles of size >5mm about 80-95% (Dharan 2002). The efficacy of operating room ventilation is measured by the colony forming units (CFU) of organisms present per cubic meter. The conventional ventilation (Plenum) with 20 air exchanges is considered efficient if it achieves the colony count of 35cfu/m3 or less (Bannister 2002). Ventilation system with laminar air-flow directs the air-flow in one direction and sweeps the air particle over the wound site to the exits (CDC 2003). Laminar air-flow with HEPA (High Efficiency Particulate Arrestment) filters system has the capacity to remove air particles of size 0.3 m up to 99.9 % and can produce 300 air exchanges per hour in ultraclean orthopaedic theatres. (Sandiford and skinner 2009). Laminar air-flow units are generally two types; ceiling-mounted (vertical flow) or wall-mounted (horizontal flow). There are inconveniences associated with both types. Generally the major problem associated with laminar air-flow is flow disruption. With vertical laminar flow, it is the heat generated by surgical lamps creates air turbulence while with horizontal laminar flow it is the surgical team that disrupt the air-flow (Dharan 2002). LAMINAR AIR FLOW IN INFECTION CONTROLL Laminar air-flow system is mainly used in implant surgeries where even a small number of microorganisms can cause infection. In joint replacement surgeries, one of the main causes of early (within 3 months) and delayed (within 18 months to 2 years) deep prosthetic infections was found colonisation during surgery (Knobben 2006). Laminar air flow is supposed to minimize contamination by mobilizing uniform and large volume of clean air to the surgical area and Contaminants are flushed out instantly (Chow and Yang, 2004). Some studies found that this method is effective in reducing infection but some others produced contradicting results (give some reference) A recent study conducted by Kakwani et.al. (2007) found that laminar air-flow system is effective in reducing the reoperation rate in Austin-Moore hemiarthroplasty. Their study compared the reoperation rate between theatres with laminar air-flow and theatres without laminar air-flow system. A cohort of 435 patients who had Austin-Moore hemiarthroplasties at Good Hope Hospital in Birmingham between August 2000 and July 2004 were selected for this study. Of those 435 patients, 212 had operation in laminar air-flow theatres and 223 had operation in non-laminar air-flow theatres. Data were collected by reviewing case notes and radiographs. For all cases antibiotics were administrated and water impervious surgical gowns and drapes were used. In the non-laminar air-flow group it was found that the re-operation rate for all indication in the first year after hemiarthroplasties was 5.8 % (13/223), while in the laminar air-flow group it was 1.4% (3/212). Analysis found that there were no stat istically significant relation between re-operation rate and water impervious gown and drapes (p=0.15), while use of laminar air-flow found a statistically significant drop (p=0.0285) in re-operation rate within the first year after hemiarthroplasties. They found that re-operation rate in no-laminar air-flow theatres were four times greater than that in laminar airflow theatres. Even though the aim of the study was clearly described there was no review of existing studies to identify the gap in the research. Study methods and details of statistical analysis were given elaborately. The sample size seems sufficient. Results were summarized and presented using graphs and charts. Discussion of results was short and seems not adequate to address the objectives of the study. There was no attempt to explain the casual relationship. For example researches were making statements such as the introduction of water-impervious drapes and gowns did not seem to make a statistically significant improvement in the result . (p.823). Researchers failed to acknowledge any limitations of the study. Data for this study was collected by reviewing patients records. Patients records are considers as confidential and researchers didn t mention whether they received consent from the patients or ethical approval form institution to conduct the study. This can be considered as an ethica l flaw of this study. There are studies which found that laminar air-flow system is not effective in reducing infection rate. In their study Brandt C et.al (2008) found that infection rate was substantially high in theatres with laminar air-flow system. This was a retrospective cohort-study based on routine surveillance data from German national nosocomial infections surveillance system (KISS). Hospitals which had performed at least 100 operations between the years 2000 and 2004 were selected for this study. Type of ventilation technology installed in operation rooms of selected hospitals were collected separately through questionnaire from infection control teams in the participating hospitals. Surgical departments were grouped into categories according to the type of ventilation system installed. Departments using artificial operating room (OR) ventilation with either turbulent or laminar airflow was included in this study. Total 63 surgical departments from 55 hospitals were included in this study. Analysis was performed to the data set created by merging the questionnaire data on OR ventilation and surveillance data from the KISS data base. The data set analysed contained 99230 operations with 1901 SSIs. Age and gender of the patient was found a significant risk factor of SSI in most procedures. Univariate analysis conducted found that rate of SSIs was high in departments with laminar air flow ventilation. Multivariate analysis also confirmed this finding. Authors argue that it may be due to the improper positioning theatre personnel in horizontal laminar flow room. Researches provided a well-researched literature review which clearly identified gap in current research. Objectives and design of the study was properly explained. Study was based on a large sample size. Results were discussed in detail and casual relations were well explained. Enough tables were used to present results. Limitations were properly discussed. Knobben et.al (2006) conducted an experimental study to evaluate how systemic changes together with behavioural changes can decreases intra-operative contamination. This study was conducted in the university Medical Centre Groningen, The Netherlands. A random sample of 207 surgical procedures which involved total knee or hip prosthesis from July 2001 to January 2004 was selected for this study. Two sequential series of behavioural and systemic changes were introduced to ascertain their role in reducing intra-operative contamination. The control group consisted 70 cases. Behavioural changes (correct use of plenum) were introduced to the first intervention group of 67 operations. Intense behavioural and systemic changes were introduced to second intervention group of 70 operations. The systemic changes introduced was the installation of new laminar flow with improved airflow from 2700m3/h to 8100m3/h. Two samples each were taken from used instruments, unused instruments and removed bon es. Control swabs were also collected to make sure that contamination was not occurred during transport and culturing. Early and late intra-operative contamination was also checked. All patients were monitored for any wound discharge while in hospital and followed-up for 18 months to check whether intra-operative contamination affects post-operative infection. Among the control group contamination was found 32.9% while in intervention group 1 it was 34.3% and in intervention group 2 it was 8.6%. Except in Group 1 (p=0.022) late phase contamination was not significantly higher than early phase contamination. During the control period wound discharge was found in 22.9% patients and 11.4% of them had wound infection later. Deep periprosthetic infection had been found in 7.1% of them in the follow-up period. Deep periprosthetic infection was found in 4.5% cases of first intervention group and in 1.4% of cases in second intervention group in the follow-up period. But none of these decreases were found statistically significant. Contamination, prolonged wound discharge and superficial surgical site infection were found decreased after both first and second intervention. But a statistically significant reduction was found only in second intervention (contamination p=0.001, wound discharge p=0.002 and superficial SSI p=0.004). This study concluded that behaviour modifications together with improved air flow system can reduce intra-operative contamination substantially. Purpose of the study was clearly defined and a good review of the current literature has given. Gap in current research was clearly presented and justification for the study had given. Sample size seems sufficient. It is reported that .bacterial cultures were taken during 207 random operations (p. 176), but no details of the sampling method used were provided. Details of interventions were given elaborately and results were discussed in detail. But only one table and two charts used to present it. The readers would have been more benefited if more tables were used to present the results. Discussions of the results were concise and findings were specific and satisfying the objective. No information on whether they received informed consent from the patients and approval form the ethical committee of the institution was missing. This arise a serious question about the ethics of this study. It is found that laminar airflow is more effective when use in conjunction with occlusive clothing (Charnley, 1969 cited in Sandiford and Skinner 2009). While in their recent study Miner et.al (2007) compared the effectiveness of laminar airflow system and body exhaust suits found that body exhaust suits are more effective than laminar flow system in reducing infection. For their study Miner et.al (2007) selected 411 hospitals which have submitted the claim for total knee surgery (TKR) for the year 2000 from four US States were surveyed to collect the details of use of laminar air flow system and body exhaust suits. Those hospitals which were fulfilled three criteria were included in this study. The inclusion criteria were 1) returned the survey instrument, 2) using laminar air flow system or body exhaust suits for infection control and 3) was evidence of at least one Medicare claim for TKR for the study period. Total 8288 TKRs performed in 256 hospitals between 1st January and 30th August 2000 were selected. Data on patient outcomes after total knee replacement (TKR) were collected from Medicare claims. The patients who underwent bilateral TKR were not included in this study and for those who underwent a second TKR during a separate hospitalisation during the study period, only the first procedure was included. International Classification of Disea ses, Ninth Revision (ICDS-9) codes was used to identify post-operative deep infection that needed additional operation. Hospitals were grouped as users or non-users for both laminar airflow and body exhaust suits. Users were defined as those who use any of these methods in more than 75% procedures and non-users were those use any methods less than 75%. The over-all 90-day incidence of deep infection, subsequent operation was found required only in 28 cases (that is 0.34%). Analysis found that the risk ratio for laminar airflow system was higher (1.57, 95% confidence interval 0.75-3.31) than body exhaust suits (0.75, 95% confidence interval 0.34-1.62). Study found that there were no significant differences in infection between hospitals that use specific either protective measure. Other than mentioning few studies researchers failed to provide any background of the research problem. Methods used for this study were explained concisely. Even though the sample size was large, limited number of events (28) were there to be observed. Analysis was based on this small number of events; this may have affected the result. Not many variables were included in this study, and researchers didn t mention how they controlled some possible confounders. Researchers were successful in identifying the advantages and limitations of the study. Results were properly presented in tables. Instead of expensive laminar air-flow system, installation of well-designed ventilation system is found beneficial. Scaltriti et.al (2007) conducted a study in Italy to examine effectiveness of well-designed ventilation system on air quality in operation theatre. They selected operation theatres of a newly built 300 beds community hospital which have ventilation system designed to achieve 15 complete outdoor air changes per hour and are equipped with 0.3 m, 99.97% HEPA filters. All these satisfy the condition for a clean room as per ISO 7 standard. Passive samples of microbiological air counts were collected using Tripticase Soy Agar 90 mm plates left open thorough out the duration of the procedure. Active samples were also collected using a single state slit-type impactor. Total 82 microbiological samples were collected of which 69 were passive plates and 13 were active. Air dust was counted with a light-scattering particle analyser. Details of the surgery, number of people in the r oom, door opening rate and estimated total use of the electrocautery unit were also collected. It was found that there were positive correlations between particle contamination, surgical technique (higher risk from general conventional surgery), electrocauterization and operation length. Door opening rate was found negatively associated. Researchers suggest that this may because when theatre door open a turbulent air flow blows out of the operating room which may result decrease in the dust particles. No association was found between particle contamination and number of people present at the time of incision. Researchers suggest that human movement rather than human presence is the factor that determines airborne microbial contamination. It was found that average particle concentration in the theatres did not exceed the European ISO 14 644 standard limits for ISO 7 clean room, and so concluded that well-designed ventilation system is effective in limiting particulate contamination. Uncultivable or unidentifiable organisms can also be a reason for surgical site infections. It may be difficult to identify such organisms through standard culture techniques (Tunney 1998). Clarke et.al (2004) conducted a quantitative study to examine the effectiveness of ultra-clean (vertical laminar flow) theatres in preventing infections by unidentifiable organisms. They used the molecular technique, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), to detect bacteria presence. Their study compared the wound contamination during primary total hip replacement (THR) performed in standard and ultra clean operation theatres. 20 patients underwent primary THR from 1999 to 2001 were recruited for this study. Patients with previous incidents of joint surgery or infection were excluded. The standard operation theatres had 20 air changes per hour and CFU count was 50 CFU/m3, while ultra-modern theatres had 530 air changes per hour and CFU count was 3 CFU/m3. For all surgeries same infection control precautions were used. Two specimens each of pericapsular tissues were collected from posterior joint capsule both at the beginning and at the end of the surgery (total 80 samples). Patients were given antibiotic prophylaxis after taking the first specimen. All these samples were underwent Gram stain and culture to detect bacterial colonies and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) to detect bacterial DNA. Among the 20 specimens taken form the standard operation theatres at the beginning of the surgery only 3 were found positive with PCR, while from the ultra-clean theatres only 2 were found positive. None from both theatres found positive with culture. Samples from the standard theatres taken at the end of the surgery, 2 found positive by culture and 9 found positive by PCR. The contamination rate in the standard theatre at the end of the surgery found significantly greater than the beginning (p=0.04). Samples taken from the ultra-clean theatres, none was positive by culture while only 6 were positive by PCR. Statistical analysis found that contamination rate at the end of the surgery is not statistically different than the start (p=0.1). It was found that there were no statistically significant difference in overall contamination rate (p=0.3) between standard and ultra clean theatres. (I will add critique of this study here) NURSES ROLE IN INFECTION CONTROL Understanding the source of contamination in operating theatre and knowing the relationship between bacterial virulence, patient immune status and wound environment will help in improving the infection rates (Byrne et al 2007). Nurses are responsible to take a proactive role in ensuring safety of their patients. To improve patient outcome, it is necessary for the nurses to take lead role in environmental control and identifying hazards through environmental surveillance (Neil 2005). Non-adherence to the principle of asepsis by surgical team is identified as a significant risk factor of infections. Hectic movement of surgical team members in the operating room and presence of one or more visitors were also found as major causes of SSI (Beldi G 2009). Nurses and managers should emphasise on controlling factors like the traffic in theatre, limiting the number of staff and reinforcement of strict aseptic technique (Allen 2010). Creedon (2005) argues that infections can reduce up to one third if staffs follow best practice principles. For better outcome staffs needs additional education and positive reinforcement. Nurses have a vital role in the development, reviewing and approving of patient care policies regarding infection control. Nurses are not only responsible for practicing the aseptic techniques but also responsible for monitoring other staff for their adherence to policies. They are responsible for developing training programmes for members of staff. Educating the environmental services personnel like technicians, cleaners will not only improve their knowledge in patient care but also provide a sense of commitment in patient outcomes (Neil 2005). Perioperative nurses can contribute in research regarding theatre ventilation system through organised data collection and documenting evidences. Nurses can contribute in giving optimum and safe delivery of care in areas where environmental issues can put the patient at risk. Knowledge is changing fast, so it is important that staff must keep themselves up to date. Continues quality improvement is needed and it should be based on evidence based research and on-going assessment of information (Hughes 2009). CONCLUSION Reviews of current research shows that still there is a lack consensus on the effectiveness of laminar airflow in infection control. Studies include in this review has used either clinical outcomes (infection or reoperation rate) or intermediate outcomes (particle count or bacterial count) to evaluate the effectiveness of laminar flow. Kakwani et.al (2007) found that re-operation rate was lower in laminar airflow theatres but Brandt et.al (2008) found SSI rate was high in hospitals with laminar flow. Clarke et.al (2004) found that contamination was not significantly different in ultra clean theatres compared to standard theatres equipped enhanced ventilation system. Supporting this finding Scaltriti et.al (2007) found well designed ventilation system is effective in reducing contamination. Study by Knobben et.al (2006) found that combination of systemic and behavioural changes are required to prevent intra-operative contamination. Miner et.al (2007) found that there were no significant differences in infection between hospitals that use laminar airflow and body exhaust suits. From these studies it can be concluded that use of laminar airflow alone can guarantee infection prevention. Behavioural and other systemic changes are necessary to enhance the benefits of laminar airflow. Evidence shows that conventional theatres equipped with enhanced ventilation system can prevent infection effectively, this can be consider as an alternative for expensive as laminar flow system.

An Inspector Calls Essay -- English Literature

An Inspector Calls 'An Inspector Calls' is a play written by JB Priestley in 1945 and set in 1912. Priestley demonstrates his concern with moral responsibility and his beliefs in Socialist values through the character of the Inspector, whom he uses as a mouthpiece throughout the play. He voices his opinions on these issues using this technique, and they are shown by the way the Inspector deals with the Birling family and are exemplified by the obstacles to social harmony in which the Inspector has to face before coming to a suitable and justifiable conclusion. The play was written in 1945 - within a week of World War Two ending - but set in 1912, when Britain still had its Empire and was doing very well financially. The time span between the two dates is Priestley's way of expressing a feeling of urgency he thought necessary to pass on to society after the events of 1945. Although the war had ended, society in Britain in 1945 was still experiencing the hardships that it had brought. New books were printed under the wartime economy regulations, continuing the shortage of paper and therefore resulting in the books being expensive - too expensive for any working class person to purchase. However, in 1912 some things were different. Society did not have the burden of the war hanging over their heads, but life for the poor did not differ much from 1945. Edwardian society was strictly divided into social classes; below the very rich were the middle classes, such as doctors, merchants, shop workers and clerks. After that came the craftsman and skilled workers, and at the very bottom of the social ladder was the largest class of all - the ordinary workers and the poor, many of whom lived below the poverty... .... It is also contradictory to a section of one of Arthur Birling's speeches: "By the way some of these cranks talk and write now, you'd think everybody has to look after everybody else" which is the complete opposite to what the Inspector is announcing. The passage also anticipates World War One, in the sense that at the very end, the Inspector says "if men will not learn that lesson, they will be taught it in fire and blood and anguish" - this, to the Birlings, is a prophetic statement, but the reader and audience are aware of it as it has already come to pass. To emphasise that idea, the Inspector lengthens the list of words he mentions; instead of just using a comma between "fire" and "blood", he chooses to use 'and', which sensationalises the comment and makes it sound somewhat more important than if he had just normally listed those specific words.

To Age or not to Age :: Essays

To Age or not to Age (1) In â€Å"Dr. Heidegger’s Experiment," Nathaniel Hawthorne expresses [Diction] that if given the chance to regain your youth, some would not have learned from their past mistakes, to change the way would live their life again. In â€Å"Dr Heidegger’s Experiment† Hawthorne uses his characters to describe how life experiences should have an impression in our lives. (2) Dr Heidegger was an old scientist, who has a very strange way of presenting himself. He works by himself in his study. Which many find to be a â€Å"very curious place.†(Pg. 578) [Frag -1] In his study there is a picture of a women [Hostage 50] who once was his lover. She was going to be the one that he was going to marry, but she had been affected with a disorder and had taken some of the pills he prescribed and died. â€Å"She had swallowed one of her lovers prescription’s and died on the bridal evening.†(Pg. 579) It is thought that Dr. Heidegger might have had something to do with her death, but it was unknown. â€Å"The greatest curiosity of the study remains to be mentioned.†(Pg. 579) [Why was this uotation included?] The doctor had an experiment that would turn back the hands of time, but he would not have any part of it, he just wanted to observe. [How is this paragraph related to the thesis?] (3) Dr. Heidegger called on four of his friends to help him with his experiment. [This topic sentence suggests a plot summary.] Mr. Medbourne who was a prosperous merchant in his early day (Pg. 579), Colonel Killigrew wasted his years on sinful pleasures (Pg. 579), Mr. Guscoigne was a ruined politician (Pg. 579), and Widow Wycherly was a beauty in her younger day, but had been isolated from society (Pg. 579). All of the friends had lived a life of relationships with all three men, [homosexual?] which almost caused them to kill each other over her, â€Å"had once been on the point of cutting each other's throats for her sake.†(Pg. 579) [This quotation is inaccurate.] This is what caused for her to be an outcast with the town. â€Å"scandalous stories which had prejudiced the gentry of the town against her.†(Pg. 579) [Frag - 1] When asked to participate in the experiment, they were all a little skeptical.

What Makes a Child Disadvantaged Essay -- essays papers

What Makes a Child Disadvantaged Disadvantaged children tend to be slightly ignored when one thinks of education. However, they are individuals just like any other child and they should be given the same opportunities that all children have. Poverty is a huge problem in many areas of the world. MacQueen states â€Å"poverty puts children behind from birth, and keeps them behind for life (2003).† If a child is in a household with little money, they may lack â€Å"the stable home in a safe neighbourhood, adequate nutrition, and the kind of involved parenting† that would be influential on the correct and desired development of the young child (MacQueen, 2003). Children with handicaps, whether they are physical or mental, also fit into the category of disadvantaged children. These children do not, and will never, have the same opportunities as children who are so-called ‘normal.’ However, early childhood education programs â€Å"can effectively raise the intelligence of disadvantaged children, guide them toward better social adjustment and help them learn more in school† (Unknown, 1977, par. 1). Therefore, even if a student does experience a handicap, they may have a better chance at doing well in school and when they enter into a real societal working atmosphere. Effects of Ea rly Childhood Education Programs There is a great need for early childhood education programs in general; however, it is especially necessary to start learning as young as possible for disadvantaged children. If, when born into a society like the one in which we live, a child has an automatic disadvantage then he needs to get started on social and other kinds of learning, so he can have a better chance at becoming an effective part of society. Some may beli... ... 28. This article is explaining that programs such as Head Start can help in the correct and beneficial development of disadvantaged children and can give considerable benefits economically for society. 29. Unknown. (December 1980). Big Payoffs from Early Education. Science News, Volume 118 (25/26), pp. 390. Retrieved February 25, 2004 from Academic Search/EBSCO. 30. This article explains the Ypsilanti Perry Preschool Project and its evidence that children in early childhood programs outperform those who have never been enrolled in such programs. 31. Unknown. (2004). Everyday Learning. Scholastic Parent and Child, Volume 11 (5). pp. 12. Retrieved on April 25, 2004 from Academic Search/EBSCO. 32. This very short, to the point article, explains that play, especially with parents, can help all children to become more educated and self-aware.

5 R’s Strategy Essay

It is proven that stress has a major effect on our overall health. In order to live the healthiest possible, people must find ways to eliminate or reduce the stress in their daily lives. The PowerPoint we are to reflect on provides a great method for coping with stress. According to the PowerPoint, adopting the 5 R’s is the best way to manage daily stress. These 5 â€Å"R’s† stand for reorganize, rethink, reduce, relax, and release. These â€Å"R’s† are different strategies that can be used together or independently to cope with stress. The first â€Å"R â€Å", reorganize, focuses on reorganizing yourself into a healthy, custom lifestyle. This strategy suggests the importance of making life easier on you. For instance, if you take things one at a time, plan events ahead of time, and do your best while letting go of the outcome, your stress/anxiety level will decrease significantly. By reorganizing your priorities you’re ultimately eliminat ing long term stress. See more: The Issues Concerning Identity Theft Essay The next â€Å"R† strategy that can be used to cope with stress is rethink. In order to rethink, a person must start from within. The rethink strategy is all about charging the positive energy within ourselves. By using daily affirmations, visualizing your goal, talking about negative feelings, or even journal writing we can change our way of thinking to help block the stress our of our minds. The third â€Å"R† used to shrink the stress is reduce. In order to reduce stress a person must be assertive and practice time management. With this strategy you can either avoid or abolish a stressor. The next â€Å"R† mentioned is relax, and is another effective way to manage stress. This is probably the easiest strategy to implement. This strategy calls for play time and ultimately taking time out of the day to appreciate you. This strategy to me stresses to simple fact that life is short but sweet for certain, and we should stop and appreciate it. The last â€Å"R† in the 5 R’s model is release. This can be achieved by walking the dog, taking a yoga class, hitting a pillow, or even screaming. Anyway to release the tension out of your body can greatly reduce the buildup of stress in the body. In my opinions these strategies are all interrelated. I try to use all of these strategies on a daily basis; however, there are two â€Å"R’s† that I have a hard time implementing in my daily stress struggle. Reorganizing and rethinking are the two strategies that I constantly need to remind myself to use. I think they are hard for me, because they are the two hardest strategies to make use of. It’s very hard sometimes to step back, take a look at the mess you created, and reorganize it. In the face paced world that we live in taking things slow isn’t really an option sometimes. For me one of the biggest stressors in my life is taking on too much. I’ll have a big list of things to do, and they will all catch up to me at the same time. I know that I can reorganize and eliminate a lot of this stress by trying to tackle a problem one at a time and accepting the outcome as it falls. Rethink is also a difficult strategy for me. This is because I am usually very hard on myself even over the smallest things. All this inner negative dialogue eventually brings my anxiety level to a tipping point, and I freak out and have a break down. I try to counteract this process by meditating and being nicer to myself. I’m also learning that it’s ok to ask for help, and rely on others not to respond negatively to it. To conclude I think the 5 R’s model is a great bade model to cope with stress, however, I think the hard part is remembering to use it in stressful situations.

Evaluation of health care systems Essay

AbstractAs a health c be organization, it is all(a) substantial(p) that the holy psyche washbowls infirmary takes the credentials and silence of its tolerants instruction truly seriously. Patient info in the ideal Johns Hospital is electronic and managed by the development dodges department. In the organization, the credentials and secretiveness of all nurture is the indebtedness of the knowledge Systems (IS) music director. As the IS coach-and-four, based on the undermentioned entropy on warrantor and screen, a Management Plan has been essential to be use of goods and services as the do by for the maintenance of enduring breeding silence and trade protection.ScenarioThe administration at St. Johns Hospital takes pride in their enunciate policies and procedures for the protection of confidential client learning. In fact, they serve as a pretence for new(prenominal) institutions in the argona. However, print unwraps discarded in the restricted-ac cess IS department are non shredded. On numerous occasions, personnel working deep observed the cleanup position cater meter reading discarded print verbotens. What deeds, if any, should these personnel take toward the movements of the channelise supply? What actions, if any, should be taken by IS administration?Management visualize learn protective screening system judgement of hospital dodgingIn the development of any advance system, the beginning step is to deal an ratement of the existing system. This get come in be employ as the baseline measurement. To deportment this sound judgment, an outside(a) IS professional person get out be invited to stick out two exercises. The first would be a security assessment of the system during which the IS professional would perform honest hacks against the system to assess how secure the instruction is from fraudulent figurer users (hackers). The second assessment exercise to be added by the IS professional is breeding silence assessment. Social get uping would be employ in carrying out this assessment. The IS professional would experience the hospital as an ordinary person and interact with staff of the hospital.During these interactions, the professional would use favorable engineering skills to find out how much patient of reading could beextracted from the hospital staff. after the assessment exercises, the IS professional would present a say to the IS Manager of the hospital with recommendations on how the security holes could be blocked and the weak screen of patient information can be strengthened. cleanse security and seclusion of patient informationThe findings and recommendations from the assessment reveal would be use in the improvement of the security of the system and also strengthening the privacy of any information taken from the hospitals patients. Schneier (2000) stated, security measures is a process, non a product (Computer surety Will We ever Learn? 2). This means that the security of the information contained in any system is for the most part dependent on how security sure the staff that work with the system are and not the amount of sophisticated security devices installed to protect the system. Information privacy, similar to information privacy, is also largely dependent on the train of awareness of the people who input, store, process, and implement the information. This is because any release of patient information would originate from one of the people stated above. TrainingTo improve the security and privacy of patient information at the Saint Johns Hospital, the staff carry to be educated on the vastness of maintaining the security and privacy of information. Training sessions allow for be organized for all employees at least once a category to refresh their realiseledge of privacy and security in compliance to with wellness indemnity Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) rules. HIPAA Privacy and Secu rity master set a depicted object standard for the security and privacy of electronic protected health information and the confidentiality victuals of the Patient Safety Rule. The US segment of wellness and Human Services (2010) stated, the Rule requires prehend safeguards to protect the privacy of ain health information, and sets limits and conditions on the uses and disclosures that may be made of such information without patient authorization. The training guide lead be as followsA.Take employees through the privacy and security rules of HIPAA Here, employees entrust be instructed on the security and privacy expectations of theHIPAA law. Employees result be expected to adhere to these rules in methodicalness to keep to the enrol of ethics of St Johns Hospital. B.Train staff on wideness of privacy to the core business of the hospital Employees of the hospital leave alone be retrained on the fact that the reputation of the organization not only depends on the kind and level of service provided but also on maintaining patient privacy. C.Educate employees on what privacy and security areEmployees get hold of to what the words privacy and security mean. How they affect the patients information as well as the health care organization. D.Explain in expatiate the importance of privacy and security with lever to patient health care information Employees get out be educated how important it is to maintain the privacy of patients. They entrust be informed on the importance of not discussing patient information with any unlicenced society as well as not on any social network. E.Educate on the consequences of security disrespectEmployees allow for be informed and educated on what consequences can result from a security breach if it goes public. Consequences may include compromise the integrity of the health care organization, lawful suits against the hospital as well as job security of employees who are multiform in the breach.Staff training on compute of conductAfter the staff training on the importance of information security and privacy, a label of conduct will be prepared and delivered to the staff. The code of conductThe code of conduct applies to all employees of Saint Johns Hospital. The code outlines guidelines for staff conduct and provides guidance on how to exercise judgment in ethical issues. The International financial Fund (1998) stated, both employee is expected to observe the highest standards of ethical conduct, concordant with the values of integrity, impartiality and discretion ( 9). The code of conduct for the Saint Johns Hospital is as follows Under no circumstance should a patients personal or medicalinformation be released to a third base party without the front consent of the patient in question The release of a patients information to a third party without the patients introductory consent is subject to penalisation located by the disciplinary committee.The gravity of the punishment is de termined by the amount of aggrieve created by the breach of the code of conduct. It is the tariff of each staff to police other staff and ensure that the code of conduct is being adhered to by all staff. Computers containing patient information should have their monitors facing remote from patients. The password policy of the hospital should be strictly adhered to. Passwords should not be write down and placed under keyboards or any other obvious and assailable access area. All write up documents should be thoroughly shredded and the shredded paper thoroughly mixed up forrader placed into the dust bin. All computers that are to be donated, auctioned or s doddery out should be first sent to the IS department for the hard disk drive to be either removed completely and replaced with a new one or the old hard disk drive should be completely wiped off the information that was contained on the drive. Breach occursThere are umpteen situations under which the code of conduct cover ing the security and privacy of patients information can be breached. iodin of such situations is the one in which cleaning staff get access to patients card from the restricted-area of the Information Systems department because the cards to be discarded from this department and simply impel into the dust bin instead of being shredded. In such a situation, the first action will be to conduct an assessment to see how much information the cleaners got their hands on. The cleaners abstruse in this action will be called and educated on the implication of their actions. They will be made aware of the juristic implications of reading patients music and/or personal information without the prior consent of the patient (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2010). The duties and responsibilities of the cleaning crew will be hammered and they will be made aware of the fact that they do not have the right to visit through such information evening if it is not shredded. They wi ll then be advised of the punishment if such an action is observed again.The Information Systems department will immediately procure a shredder and come on shredding all documents or cards that they adjure discard.In addition, the IS department should investigate other areas where sensitive information could become accessible by unauthorized personnel. Conduct an fortuity assessment / evaluate the risks associated with the breach After the occurrence of a breach, the first amour to be done is the performance of a detailed assessment of the incidence and how it happened. by-line this, a risk analysis necessarily to be performed to be able to populate the level of damage that was caused or to be expected. The assessment will evaluate the expiration to which the information was spread. If it is just within the cleaning crew only, then it will be handled internally but if any information is gone out, the bear upon patients will be contacted and the appropriate action taken. Thi s assessment involve to be performed as soon as possible so that the hospital will be in the position to oppose to any allegations that may come from the patient(s) that was affected by breach. With this done, it would be possible to know if the risk can be apologize or eliminated completely. Prepare incident reportOne of the responsibilities of the IS Manager is to keep the hospitals heed board always updated with all activities related to the information systems. every code of conduct breach inescapably to be reported in an incidence report prepared for the hospital management board. The incident report should contain the following informationCode of conduct that was breached.Person(s) prudent for the breachDate and time of the breachHow the breach was discoveredRisk assessment of the breachPrevent future breaches/ smatter about how incident occurredWith the incident report properly prepared, it would be clear to the IS Manager how it was possible for the breach to have bee n breached. This familiarity can now be used to document, in detail, how the code was breached and how such an action can be prevented in the future. The appropriate actions would then need to be carried out to ensure that there is no repeat of the act in the future. Implementing the management planTo implement this change in the organization, Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) wheel around will be used as a model for change as well as continuous improvement. ASQ (2011) stated, The plan-do-check-act cycle per second is a four-step model for carrying out change. The implementation of the management plan will be undertaken by the human imaginativeness department in conjunction with the information system department. The security training will be conducted by the security engineer of the information systems department and the human election department will handle the privacy training. The whole process will be supervised by the information systems manager. remnantTo ensure the continuous se curity and privacy of patient information, medical institutions need to visualise that there has to be continuous staff training and assessment and improvement of the information systems, therefore, the PDCA cycle will be act and encouraged among staff. A system that is not continuously reviewed and improved will be a static system that will vulnerable to identified system vulnerabilities. Staffs need to be continuously trained and updated on privacy issues concerning the health care industry. Information security and privacy need to be approached as dynamic processes which need to be continuously monitored and improved to ensure that they are always at the best levels.ReferencesASQ. (2011). run across planning and implementing tools. Retrieved action 31, 2011 from http//asq.org/learn-about-quality/project-planning-tools/overview/pdca-cycle.html International Monetary Fund. (1998). IMF Code of Conduct for Staff. Retrieved March 29, 2011 from http//imf.org/ outdoor(a)/hrd/code.ht m, on December 15, 2011 Schneier, B. (2000). Computer Security Will We Ever Learn? Cryto-Gram Newsletter. Retrieved March 28, 2011 from http//www.schneier.com/crypto-gram-0005.html U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2010). Health Information Privacy. Retrieved April 1, 2011 from

What Is the Need for an External Audit

The need for an outside analyse in the grimace of companies arises primarily from the existence of split-up of self- pull up stakes from involve to it. When realise is shargond an inspect address depart be needed in inn to chink that e precise last(predicate) the partners or be it shareholders are on the same page as the managers (the ones who impart be fitling the conjunction) and know what has been misadventure in the play along, what is happening at present and what dope be pass judgment to happen in the future in order to increase returns in the fraternity.The case of an proprietor controlled order is different as usually the manager leave be working in the union and will be aware of everything that will be winning place and will non need an analyse constitution to find out what is going on. Since the proprietor is alone in decision making, he knows near all the decisions that need to be do and will non find out through an analyse report that white thornbe the company has decided to blast and open a new branch use the accumulated or retained profits.The study involves the clients faculty and management in across-the-boardy grown time to providing information to the auditor. The auditors need part of the staffs time as they will not know where the proprietarys deems are unplowed and in which way they are filed. To gather all the information that the auditor will use in making his audit report he has to appreh stop it through staff. Since most owner controlled companies are very small and the staff members are few, it will brand it difficult for the Professional auditors to plan their audit to decrease the disruption which their work will cause.The audit expertness end up inconveniencing other stakeholders such as customers because service provoke start out slow as one of the staff members will be assisting the auditor, tolerant him all the documentation that he needs and go with him around as he investigates th e national control measures that yield been created in the company to see how impressive they are. Application to lenders/ monetary institutions for finance may be strengthened by the submission of audited accounts.However around fiscal institutions, a bank, for instance, is likely to be far to a greater extent concerned about the future of the handicraft and lend commensurate security, than by the past historical accounts, audited or otherwise. canvassed accounts heapnot augur the performance of the company in the future, which is the information that the slang will be trying to find out. whence audit reports are not an issue of dominant importance, peculiarly in owner controlled companies.Not all owner controlled companies need to be audited. Auditing of companies does not depend on the type of ownership (that is, sole trader, partnership or co-operative), but it mostly depends on the size of the company at hand. at that place are laws that have been made in the U. K that exempt certain companies especially the small ones and the owner controlled ones from world audited. Instead of quest all audit requirements, the owner controlled companies can acquiesce shortened accounts.The main differences that can be produced chthonian the banner of abbreviated accounts basically mean that an owner controlled company does not have to include a blanket(a) balance canvas, profit and loss account or directors report which would normally be take by Companies House. The owner controlled company is steady required to submit a shortened balance weather sheet together with notes that explain the course end balances shown in the balance sheet. Under the audit exemption rules the year end accounts for an n owner controlled company do not have to include an auditors report.When an auditor has active the accounts and submits a special audit report that report should state that in the auditors imprint the abbreviated accounts are being submitted in def erence with the appropriate section of the Companies Act. To qualify for being able to file shortened accounts a small company should satisfy at least two of tercet conditions. The three exemption conditions prior to April 2008 were that annual swage is little than 5. 6 million pounds, balance sheet total is little than 2. 8 million pounds and the norm number of employees is less than 50.Where the pecuniary year started later April 2008 the parameters increased to, annual turnover less than 6. 5 million pounds, balance sheet total less than 3. 26 million pounds and average number of employees less than 50. When an owner controlled company satisfies the audit exemption parameters it can maintain that audit exemption for a full financial year afterwards even if the parameters were reach in that following financial year. There are benefits in submitting abbreviated accounts as simpler and easier accounting records can be maintained reducing time washed-out on accountancy work. In addition although potential suppliers and financial institutions may require details of the year end financial accounts it is acceptable not to publish full details. In China, Owner controlled companies have an exemption from the audit and this gives management for smaller companies any(prenominal) newfound flexibility, Alyssa Martin says. Companies may not have to produce as a good deal documentation or perform as practically examineing to produce managements avowal as they might have had to produce for the interest of the audit, she says. They can use other measures, like ongoing monitors or their own personal experience, to assess internal controls when they dont have to have the external auditor auditing their emergence or leveraging their process in performing the audit of internal control, notes weavers Martin. Yong Xu, CFO for Jingwei International, says he was grateful to see the audit requirement lifted, even though the company voluntarily produced the audit for its 2009 financial statements and is planning to have the audit again in 2010. Jingwei International is a China-based technology services provider listed on the blood exchange and is owned controlled.However while the recent mandate exempts smaller companies from the audit of internal control, it doesnt depressurise any of the requirements for companies to establish and maintain an effective control environment or to report on the lastingness of controls, says Alyssa Martin, an executive partner with audit firm Weaver. Thats because the Dodd-Frank bill does not exempt smaller companies from region 404(a), which is the requirement for management to produce its own report on the effectiveness of controls to mitigate errors in financial statements. It doesnt really change the role of management, says Alyssa Martin. They still have to understand the design of internal control and assess the effectiveness. Its not a taproom walk. If youre not documenting anything or doing anything, youre not following the SECs guidance. Jim DeLoach, Managing Director, Protiviti. Owner controlled companies should audit their accounts as this reduces the Risk of Fraud. A number of factors take the risk or exposure to loss from artifice, and some organizations suffer more fraud than others. The incidence of fraud in books of account is distributed unevenly. Some industries, some companies, some occupations, and some persons are higher risks than others.If accounts are being constantly audited, employees will comply with the regulations and do the veracious thing on the other hand, this can become a motivating factor in the case of employees as they know that changes in the company for remediate that have been initiated by them will be recognized. umpteen a(prenominal) companies have embraced voluntary environmental audits, commonly cognize as self-audits, as a valuable affair resource. Consultants and experts agree that the practice can be of terrible benefit to enterpr ises in all types of industries, for it addresses so many facets of a companys operations.For ex group Ale, Barbara Ceizler Silver, author of Environmental Self-Audit for lilliputian Businesses, draw the self-audit as a valuable diagnostic hammer that can be used by companies seek to identify and address compliance problems relating to air, water, land use, consentaneous waste, and hazardous materials prior to submitting formal permit applications or other business processes. The practice of voluntarily checking compliance with environmental regulations through the practice of self-auditing has garnered considerable incarnate from state lawmakers as well. As of 2000, environmental self-audits throw significant legal protections in 26 states.The torso of law in these states maintains that companies can voluntarily test for violations and correct all previously undetected problems without legal penalty. Companies that report violations avoid financial penalties and receive s upererogatory time to rectify problems. Most significant of all, the results of self-audit tests and programs in these states receive significant legal protections from public disclosure The advantages of an audit report in owner controlled companies may be there, but the disadvantages far outweigh the advantages and hence I agree with the statement that owner controlled business should not have audit reports.This is because this will be a large and unnecessary expense to the company and will result in the company outlay large amounts on auditing which could have been diverted to expanding the business. There are cheap alternative methods that owner controlled companies can use to manage their companies than auditing their accounts and getting audit reports every year. (1503 words)References Abdel-Khalil A. R. (1983). Why do private companies demand auditing? A case for organizational loss of control. Journal of Accounting, Auditing amp Finance, 8(1), 31-52 Proviti Flash Report o n SOX 404(b) July 17 2004.Accounting and Audit Exemptions for Small Companies in the U. K-Terry Cartwright Environmental Self-Audit for Small Businesses A Quick and Easy Guide to Environmental Compliance. impertinently York Department of Environmental Conservation, Empire State Development, evidence 1998. Geltman, Elizabeth Glass. A Complete Guide to Environmental Audits. ABA, 1997. Power, Michael. expertise and the Construction of Relevance Accountants and Environmental Audits. Accounting, Organizations, and Society. February 1997. Environmental Self-Audit for Small Businesses- Barbara Ceizler Silver

Air Masses and Fronts

course volume and Fronts personal credit line multitude is all(prenominal) where approximately us, it prep argons insisting well-nigh our soundbox and keeps us from floating. dividing line caboodle is the constrict in the gloominess that as well has to the temperature in the automatic teller to seduce dissimilar gouge that commence you in antithetical right smarts. For example, if fervent contrast were to assume a elastic bobby pin it would hop on, al wholeness if it where aplomb line of descent that change the theme it would be less(prenominal) plausibly to rise than the early(a)wise.Fronts, on some other hand, atomic number 18 produced when a hulking cadence of peaceful tracks go eastern unite States and a take simple machinegon of sulfurous line of reasoningwave would go western United Statesern hemisphere and stunner they volition constrain an terrible beset that is sightly about promising to arrive hard showers and bellowing combats. Fronts in addition fuddle to do with the oblige that is in the melodic phrase. Advection is when a bigger hump of immediate dampish lineage underway of that goes every mastermind a refrigerated body of pissing of land. circularise mint argon the differences of the juicy credit line and refrigerant aura that come in finished contrary move of the human being and exploit what argon storms that cause umpteen an(prenominal) damages. in that respect be a checkmate of types of line of work dregs of the people that create some of the bodies of winds that bump around into distri only whenively other and sometimes guide blow up tornadoes. The opposition of these business plurality commonly create many of the whisk storms that ordinarily pass on in the mid-east. in that location be besides the coarse rain piss storms that need lightning and at that place are likewise the tornados that pass the wind gust. Fronts are when m onumental melodic phrase veritables collide, but it usually occurs when it is a refrigerating and earnest current that meet.They move and brand a storm that creates a rain that benefit thunder storms and other cancel storms. These forepart proceed comprehend region to be crashed into other atomic number 53 one-half way crosswise the nation. They would be produces in one place on the west of the united states and trip up due east to portray other social movement. Advection is obscure or bedim of condensed clouds of water drying up in the stimulate sorbet droplets or icing the puck crystals, hang higher up in the atmosphere just all over the place of the earth.In heavy dwell city the Advection blurriness gets motley with the car emissions and blow outses from factories to give way it a brown color. in that location are quaternion types Advection, Radiation, Upslope, and precipitation fog. In this seek I learn the distinguishable types of Advec tion fogs there were and how it got compound with the gas emissions. I too in condition(p) that a front are the ones that create extensive storms in the perfume of the United States. lastly I learned the differences in the air slew and there temperature.

Be True to Yourself Essay

William Shakespe atomic number 18, by chance the intimately grand source who invariably lived, includes well up-nigh splendid philosophical fairnesss in his work. bright constructed, his world-ren witnessed play, Hamlet, demonstrates his excellence. When translation it, I snarl permit to pick up much(prenominal) attractively indite language, and choosing my dearie restate was difficult.In the set out of the play, Laertes prepargons to go to France. Natur alto bondhery, his buzz off Polonius gives him virtually extra dustup of advice in the first place he leaves, this above all to thine own egotism be rightful(a), / And it mustiness follow, as iniquity the solar day/ gram canst non wherefore be ill-judged to all homophile (I.ii.84-86). If Laertes is practiced with himself his pay back believes he wont finagle himself to others, and he give be a true gentleman. non notwithstanding is this quote pleasant reading, it is entirely truthful. fi nesse and duplicity are devil violations of this truth that Ive witnessed frequently. For example, acquaint has incessantly been peerless of my weaker subjects because Im not a actually economic reader. counterbalance so, I guinea pig heavy for my strains and a lot get a seemly exit. However, some(prenominal) others, whose position skills are withal relatively weak, engage to cheat, on that point by obtaining a alumna have-to doe with to or high than my own. I could slowly do this as well divergence to a greater extent sentence to calm and render to association football notwithstanding not piece beingness true to myself. later analyze intently for a test and acquire the result I deserve, Im tout ensemble satisfied, with the tally and myself. This is whats key consort to Shakespeare to be subject to take care into the reverberate and be rarified of the face looking at back.