Ezra Pound’s “In a Station of the Metro” Essay

Ezra Pound first published this poem in 1913, at a time when writers of poetry were trying to break from the traditional pentameters associated with their craft. This piece is an excellent example of Imagism, in which poets, instead of describing an image in detail , tried to use a minimal amount of words, and evoke an image by use of a well-written phrase. Pound uses haiku style of poetry in this piece which contains only 14 words- a stark contrast to the 20-30 lines from previous era of Victorianism. Pound once explained that he did not wish the heart of the poem to be in the first or second line- but to be the thought process that connects them. While this is a concept used in Imagism, it is more like the latter form he embraced- Vorticism. This categorization comes from the endeavor of the author to treat the poem as a piece of graphic art. Upon examination of the poem itself, it is interesting to note that no verbs are used in the poem, yet it conveys a sense of movement. His choice of the word â€Å"apparition† automatically makes the reader conjure images of mysticism and spirits, thus he begins his contrasts between the real and the unreal; the beautiful and the ugly; the mundane and the exotic. His contrast of nature versus man-made and the quick transition he makes is very typical of the Japanese haiku style. Interestingly he uses â€Å"petals† instead of flowers, giving it a softer, more feminine quality; thus the dark masculinity of the black bough is doubled. The comparison of these two is simultaneous with what the poet has seen on the railway platform- opposites that not only are extremes but that compliment each other. There is continued debate among scholars as to the true meaning of this poem and what Pound intended to convey when he wrote it. Nevertheless, they all have to agree that he did what he set out to do- transcend traditional form and make an eye-opening statement to his readers. References â€Å"Pound’s ‘In A Station of the Metro’: A Textual Note. † English Language Notes 8. 4 (June 1971). retrieved on June 16, 2009, from http://www. english. illinois. edu/ Maps/poets/m_r/pound/metro. htm Hishikawa, Eiichi â€Å"Ezra Pound† published by Kobe Univesity April 2004 retrieved on June 16, 2009 from http://www. lit. kobe-u. ac. jp/~hishika/pound. htm

Nelson Mandela’s Leadership Style Essay

Effective Leader Effective Leader The urge to be an effective leader demands you to become a good manager. When describing the ideal characteristics of a good leader, there are essential skills that a good manger should portray. In this case, it is considered that a good manger should be equipped with human, technical and conceptual skills. These skills are vital in the delivery of organizational services. In addition, such skills will be used to determine the capacity of a manager in the bid to measure one’s effective leadership. Human skills involve the capability to handle issues that relate to humanity and members of the society. Technical skills are the tailored skills to deliver some efforts based on the available technical facilities. Lastly, conceptual skills cover multiple issues that an organization desires to achieve in the business ventured. Following the integration of these skills in varied dimensions, it is possible to establish the effectiveness in leadership. As such, it is considered that good managers are effective leaders. Although the term leadership and management are interchangeably used when referring to people spearheading organizations or a group of people, they distinctly imply different forms of overseeing people. Leadership involves the incorporation of creativity and innovation in leading people to partake in something that can be believed to be useful for all lives. On the other hand, management involves the understanding of an organizational vision and mission, which allow one guide it as per the formulated plans. Since these two concepts are vital for any organization, one should be a good manager to be an effective leader. This demands the understanding of what makes one a good manger to achieve the attributes of an effective leader. In this essay, I will discuss one of the great leader Mr. Nelson Mandela. His direction and leadership style has given freedom to South African people. Effective Leader – Nelson Mandela **** In the twenty first century, leaders are required to build a greater impression in which people believe in strategy, trust in management decisions, and trust in their work. Once people believe in management choice, there will be enthusiasm inside an organization. Such an environment helps the organization growing or flourish. A doing well leaders create a surroundings in cooperation inside and outside the organization. (Subir chowdbhury management, 21c financial times prentice hall (2000). The world hopeful in political leaders but unfortunately, a few of live up to the leadership main beliefs and values. In fact, a lot of political leaders seem to severely be deficient in numerous of the majority necessary leadership qualities. This assay will be analyzing on one of African president ever recognized as dedicated leader; who dedicated his entire life fighting for freedom of his nation. Rolihlahla Mandela was born in Transkei in a small rural community in the easterner cape of South Africa. On 18th July 1918 and named Nelson by one of his teachers, Mandela led the struggle to reinstate the apartheid rule of South Africa against racial discrimination. As well-known as a democratic leader he was incarcerated for 27 years. Has been awarded the Nobel peace prize in 1993 and 1994 Nelson Mandela been voted as South Africa first black president. (BBC news-Mandela’s life and times2008) The essay will seem at his behavior, characteristics as leader, and the style of his leadership at last relate his leadership with particular theory of leadership that is transformational leadership model. Leadership Definition Leadership is a function of personal and professional qualities (retrospection), the conception of a vision, structure and satisfying a sense of collective purpose, and make sure carrying out, with strategy and culture as two situational or contextual factors (cannon,2004; gil,2006) Characteristics traits or personality Mr. Nelson Mandela Charismatic personality he’s self-determined, sense of humor, integrity, strong minded, intelligence, empathy, self-nelson Mandela charisma encouraged people by changing their goals, values, need beliefs and objective he bring about this change by attempt to south Africa people self-idea specifically make the people feel valued and personal identity the lack of resentment over cruel treatment received. Nelson Mandela spiritual strengths beliefs which show the integrity and willingness never to give up (BBC news – Mandela’s life and times 2008) As admired leader Mr. Nelson Mandela as peace maker struggle to reinstate the apartheid rule of South Africa with multi-racial democracy, During the period of his incarceration sacrificed his family were he was absent in nurture of his children or in any feature of everyday life he has been shared with the world for his struggle for a nation not only for an individual or for own individual family. Mr. Nelson Mandela believed that to be a freedom fighter one must suppress many of personal feelings that make one feel separated individual rather than part for the liberation of millions of people, not glory for one individual. (Long walk for freedom chapter 11) Not all freedom fighter live to see their struggle bring about the change they are fighter for in the life time’s sometimes they set the stage for the next generation to realize the fruits of their labor, social change happening when individual make change a choice to fight for justice and against oppression. (Frontline the long walk of Nelson Mandela: viewer’s &ump; teachers’ guide p11) Leadership role Nelson Mandela growing up with tribal traditional costumes’ Mr Mandela erudite that listening to others ideas is most important than talk or make own decision without consulting others. Mandela’s ideas about resolving disagreement grew as developed common sense of individuality and vision for leading people. Has combined the tactic and procedure observed from tribal chiefs, formal education and experiences to the ways of ruling parties. Mr. Mandela observed the ways of oppressors and well-known that they did little to dishearten, and in fact give confidence division along with the different tribes or groups of black and Asian South Africans. This taught that leaders  might use their power to bring people together or slash apart. (Frontline the long walk of Nelson Mandela: viewer’s &ump; teachers’ guide p18.) Behavior: Nelson Mandela characterized by nature a peaceful and peace-loving man. But over the conduit of life’s exertion, has been forced to make hard choices in order to realize his final objective of a democratic South Africa. While the ANC’s preliminary policy was one of non-violence, over time felt forced to reconsider its effectiveness and accepted violent behavior as a strategy for achieving goal for a South Africa, once returned to original guiding principle of non-violence has transformed from the period of apartheid government to a democratic rule Nelson Mandela as eventually the beneficiary, along with F.W. Deklerk, in 1993 Nobel Peace Prize. The subsequent year has been nominated as first black president of democratic South Africa. (Frontline; the long walk of Nelson Mandela: viewer’s &ump; teachers’ guide p17) Style of his leadership Under the democratic leadership style Where the focuses of leader is more with a group as an entire and better dealings within the group and leadership function are in collective with the part of team. The group member has a greater say in decision making, determination of police implementation of scheme and dealings (Laurie J. Mullins 2005). Democratic leadership as a style whereby the leader persuade an open trusting and follower oriented relationship. Leaders who adopted encouraged followers to establish their own police provided them with a perspective by explaining in advance the procedures for accomplishing the goals and granted the followers independence to commence their own tasks and congratulating them in an objective manner. According to bass (1990) leaders adopting this leadership style were described as caring, considerate, and easy to compromise and they also had a sense of responsibility and attachment to their followers. Transformational leadership Many writers see transformational leadership as the similar thing as charismatic, creative thinker or inspirational leadership for instance,  kreitner et al. Refers to a leadership as a transforming workers to pursue organisational goals over personality interest, Charismatic leaders followers by creating modification in their goal, values, needs beliefs and aspirations. Such as a new theory of leadership contain greater than recent years evolved as central to understanding leadership with emphasis on transformational leadership where leader stimulates group to change their motives, beliefs and values and capabilities so to the group own attention and individual goal turn into congruent with organization (Bas 1985). An important characteristic of this leadership is charisma; and certainly conger and kanungo (1987) include developed leadership theory that particularly focuses on measurement. In bass (1990) transformational leadership as a behavioral procedure of being gain knowledge of management, it’s leadership practice with the purpose of methodical consisting of purposeful and prepared investigate for possible systematic examination and the aptitude to move about resources from areas of slighter to better production, (Bass 1990, P,53-4) the leader attain this simulation in by creating an consciousness of the task of organization and develops group to higher level of ability and potential â€Å" (Mandel and Pherwani 2003, P, 390) furthermore transformational leaders believed to encompass the aptitude to motivate, inspire, and hold up creativity in group. This become visible to subsist achieved throughout transformational leader illustrate evidence of a high degree of individualized thoughtfulness which â€Å"the degree to which leader attends to the group observe and listens to the leaders concern by acting as a counsellor (judge and Piccolo, 2004 P. 755) Transformational leadership theory hold further by management author in the 1980 as method of efficiently carry in relation to organizational change (Avolio et al 1991; Bennis and Nanus, 1985; Tichy and Devanna; 1986 Tichy and Ulrich 1984) these study harassed that transformational leader lend a hand to realign the value and norms (Avolio et al; 1991, P.9) of an organization endorse change. These value and norms are mainly precious while an organization comes across harsh disaster in motivating group in pursuing creative problem solving (Avolio et al; 1991). Organizational changes achieved throughout transformational leaders creating awareness of the goal and task of the organization, according to Mandel and Phewani (2003) this awareness allow group to appear further than own interest through afterwards benefits the group and  eventually the organizational. According to whitehead, for instance the most significant attribute that a high-quality leader inspiring people by create an environment where it’s acceptable for people to make mistakes and gain knowledge of them, rather than what happened in the ancient times which to hold responsibility and punish them. Leading from this position the acquisition of a high level of commitment from their people than mere compliance. Adair argues with the purpose of truthfully inspirational leader should be aware of the spirit surrounded by all people encompass the possible for greatness; inspirational leader connects through the lead, appreciates the potential of others and during trust dete rmination release the powers in others. Adair refers to the inspired instant acknowledgment and attack of a concise window of opportunity that can take action as an influential means to inspire mutually the leader and the led. (Laurie J. Mullins 2005) Beginning visioning capabilities is an additional leadership skill is normally linked with efficiency. This ability consists of a leader being able to build up a strategic vision (Lombardo and McCauley. 1985 Kouzes and Posner. 1993). Bennis and Thomas conclude that individual achievement is partly connected to a leader’s ability to â€Å"come out others in shared sense† and that effective leaders are able to â€Å"mobilize workers† in a â€Å"distinct and convincing voice† (Bennis and Thomas, 2002 P 39). In addition to visioning skills Kotter (1996) recognized align and communicating way, motivating and inspiring workforce and producing useful change as significant leadership skills to be acquired. clearly goal achievement is moreover important (Bo yatzis, 1982) on the other hand performance needs to be redirected toward strategic skills (Lombardo and McCauley, 1988) directed at implementing a vision (Hitt, 1988), rather than excessively focusing on technical skills (Lombardo and McCauley, 1988) According to Burns (2002) leaders must keep people focused on core values and mission and encourage continuous transformation of the organization as a means of pursuing its core mission. Fundamental to system-control thinking is an idea of the chase of clear organizational goals designer by the manager or leader who then motivates others to act in ways which will achieve these goals. It is suggested that this difficult for a number of reasons. Such ways of thinking about leadership based upon a unitary view of organization and are thus motivated to act in ways that will ensure the understanding of such goals.  Both transformational and charismatic leadership theories can be seen to uphold unitary assumptions. Essential to Bass’s theory the view of subordinates transcending self-happiness for the goals of the organization, with Bas and Avolio (1994, p 3) for instance suggesting that â€Å"the (transformational) leader creates clearly communicated expectations that followers want to meet up and likewise Conger and Kanango (1987). Although Bass and Avolio (1994) acknowledge that followers hold a various set of views, desires and aspirations, they suggest that through the use of inspirational motivation the leader talented to support diverse followers around a vision. Thus there remains a belief that high consensus can be achieved and thus conflict, negotiation and politics that are predictable in organizations tend to be marginalized remarkably, Barker (1997) remind of Burns’s (1978) definition of leadership which emphasizes leadership as a practice which occurs within a context of competition and conflict. Interesting Bass’s theory of transformational leadership has built upon Burns’s work and thus far downplay important dimension. The following comment from a manager study highlights the realism of conflicting organizational goals. Managers in revision moreover often described the challenges in working with others who assumed very different views and the requirement of politic king to bu ild support for facts: This would seem to advise a slightly different reality to ideas of consensus, cohesion and willing self-sacrifice for the greater high-quality. Moderately suggests an added complex, untidy realism where conflicts of interest succeed and as such the manager should occasionally behave in uncomfortable ways to persuade others of individual viewpoints. It may be argued that assumptions of a unitary organization might simplify the reality that found organization are somehow set and once achieved the work of the leader done. Again this seen to simplify the case. (Conger and Kanungo, 1987 p.46).reliable with systems-control thinking theories of transformational and charismatic leadership present an individualistic conception of leadership, since the forces on the leader as special person. Indeed there center on a talented individual apparently possession of almost phenomenal, magical powers that may perhaps seen to hypnotize group to act in conduct wanted by the leader. Words such as extraordinary unconventional and heroic characterize a description of leader behaviors. Bass (1985) p.47,48) for instance,  highlights the extraordinariness of transformational, charismatic leader suggesting that the unusual vision of charismatic leaders that makes it possible for them to observe around corners stems from greater freedom from internal conflict while the normal manager is a continuing victim of their self-doubts and personal traumas . Alimo-Metcalfe et al (2002) argued that new theory of leadership create dangerous myths since they create a view of leadership unapproachable to the majority usual mortals. Further, the thought that a leader should in several method gifted shows a weakening to accepted wisdom of leadership as an instinctive ability and as such suggests slight completed through way of teaching leadership indeed, in own employment found several managers who apparent leadership as an inspirational gift and therefore attempts to teach leadership were seen as limited. Conclusion A leadership in an attempt study explore the style used in large scale to find out the outcome styles in terms of extra effort effectiveness and satisfaction among employees A transformational leader move up levels of understanding and consciousness about the meaning of value of necessary result s and habits of attainment encourage offering up personality interest for the sake of the group or organization. Leadership related directly to organization task and objectives. Transformational leadership develop inspired way surroundings and creating a mutual vision that is clear and hopeful to employees. Leaders strength necessitates make over corporate strategic objectives into an individually concerned vision to motivate and convince reluctant workers of its value. The glowing communicated vision and ambition vital constituent of expecting new behaviors and new instructions for an organization and its employees. References Bell, Myrtle P. (2001). Diversity in organizations. Koonce, Richard. (2001). Redefining diversity. It’s not just the right thing to do; it also makes good business sense. Kreitner, Robert, and Cassidy Carlene M. (2011). Management. Managing Diversity. Liopis, Glen. (2011). Diversity Management is the Key to growth: Make it Authentic. Retrieved from

Management Planning Tyco Essay

Tyco is an international and expanded company that offers necessary manufactured goods and services to consumers in some market segments. These segments consist of Fire & Security, Healthcare, Electronics, Plastics & Adhesives, and Engineered Products & Services. Recently, Tyco possesses huge profits and provides work for about hundred thousand workers in the world (Verschoor, C., 2006).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Financial statement and cash flows in Tyco are well-built. Legacy economic and legal issues in this company have been answered.   They perform an excellent integration of businesses in the marketplace in order to survive in the highest standing.   Tyco International Ltd. is dividing their bodies into three autonomous companies (â€Å"Tyco International to become 3 companies†, 2006).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is the greatest method to allow Tyco to accomplish their complete capability. Every separated company will be capable to effort more rapidly and more competitively. Eventually, it will generate more significance for their investors as a result of performing the development approaches as autonomous companies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Previously, Tyco assessed a wide scale of their planned selections, involving the maintenance of Tyco’s recent working approach, trades of exclusive industries, and partition of the industries. Tyco assume that their strategic management planning, which full of continual improvement and value making, is the finest method to reach good reputation in the global competitive market (â€Å"Tyco International to become 3 companies†, 2006).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In Tyco, consistency is the basis in the lead of their business activities. The consumers, investors, partners, and the societies where Tyco operate are looking forward to reliable and ethical management from them on a daily basis. Tyco should continuously give emphasis to their dedication to maintain their core importance. Their dedication to the top values of reliability starts with promising that every person, who gets through the Tyco Company, will recognizes Tyco’s main values. These values characterize how Tyco behave as workers and as managers (Verschoor, C., 2006).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Tyco be obliged to challenge their selves about the best principles of entity and business reliability. Tyco always try to maintain the company resources. Tyco persistently contest with the other companies to develop their products, business activities, and their selves. Tyco constantly struggle to recognize the public businesses and facilitate them to accomplish their objectives.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Tyco are committed to multiplicity, impartial behavior, mutual value, and dependence. They promote an environment that supports modernization, originality, and outcome by means of cooperation. Tyco perform management that educates, motivates, and encourages complete contribution and career improvement. They support valuable communication and transmission. Tyco pay tribute to the assurances that they create. They hold entity accountability for every achievements and outcomes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Tyco make a working regulation of constant development that is an essential element of their philosophy. Tyco try to allocate the accountability in some parts in order to create their values become a fundamental element of their industries. All of Tyco executives and staffs should be responsible to the main principles of reliability and complete obedience through the rules and strategies that influence the performance of their business activities (â€Å"The Tyco Guide to Supplier Social Responsibility†, 2007).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is the accountability of Tyco to make sure that the assets that are vital to the success of the company’s goals. Tyco has some efforts to accomplish the success, such as applying, continuing and developing their management planning and advancing consumer satisfaction. All of these activities are recognized through the preparation developments (â€Å"The Tyco Guide to Supplier Social Responsibility†, 2007).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Commonly, resource necessities are intended through the forecasting procedure and attuned for the period of the year in return to selling augmentation, earnings strategies, capability restraints, varying consumer necessities and another desires. Executive in Tyco should evaluate the sufficiency of resources and regulations should be created rooted in recognized business requirements.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Strategic planning that conducted by Tyco allows them to reduce expenses while fulfilling consumer’s requirement and get the most out of profit while completing predicted requirement. Usually, strategic planning choices are created by divide groups concerned on a detailed part of Tyco’s general plan. For instance, in a planned capability forecast study, the selling unit investigates demand situations and offers predictions for upcoming demand. Concurrently and unconnectedly, Tyco examines their strategy for capability development and creates references (Lofstrom, Erika;  Nevgi, Anne, 2007).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Management planning in Tyco must consist of creative, theoretical and managerial aspects. To locate upcoming tendency that is a main principle of a management planning, Tyco have to methodically recognize about their current standing. Therefore, the development of improving a management planning is supposed to comprise an appraisal of the company’s past performance and recent state of affairs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Tyco can decrease the probability of misunderstanding that will weaken the efficiency of their exertions, by starting in a management plan how the legal function is assumed to partake in its agreement and internal control attempts. The management planning should conduct in the direction of a fuller agreement procedure and a more wide-ranging method to the area under discussion (â€Å"Tyco International to become 3 companies†, 2006).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Management in Tyco has completed a brilliant responsibility of rotating their company all over the place. Tyco’s decision to adjust their efforts on established main products, and to make more efficient their businesses, has placed them in a good way for an earnings to productivity in this period. Management in Tyco takes part in an essential function in the adjustment procedure. It is a very optimistic improvement for Tyco investors (â€Å"The Tyco Guide to Supplier Social Responsibility†, 2007).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As a vigorous and exhilarating company, Tyco have productive business activity. Tyco provides a plan that contains full management of preservation and developments of organization to make best use of operational competence. The management planning includes some features that able to support organization in bringing service to their customer to all intents and purposes. Tyco implements beneficial technique of assuring their intensive struggle to satisfy the customers. This method is appropriate for Tyco that has competitive employment arrangements (Lofstrom, Erika;  Nevgi, Anne, 2007).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In conclusion, Tyco has wide-ranging study and assets and is constantly operating. Tyco is continuously improving innovative products. They always try to create innovation for presented and new products, activities, enhancements to presented activities, and customized machines, utensils or tools (Verschoor, C., 2006). Reference:    INTEGRITY EXCELLENCE TEAMWORK ACCOUNTABILITY. (2006). Retrieved 7 April, 2007, from http://www.tyco.com/WWW/Documents/pdf/tyco_guide_to_ethical_conduct.pdf Lofstrom, Erika;  Nevgi, Anne. (2007). From Strategic Planning to Meaningful Learning: Diverse Perspectives on the Development of Web-Based Teaching and Learning in Higher Education Retrieved 7 April, 2007, from http://www.eric.ed.gov Planning and Conducting a Functional Exercise. Helpful Hints for School Emergency Management. (2007). Retrieved 7 April, 2007, from http://www.eric.ed.gov The Tyco Guide to Supplier Social Responsibility. (2007). Retrieved 7 April, 2007, from http://www.tyco.com/WWW/pdf/IntegrityBrochure.pdf Tyco International to become 3 companies. (2006). Retrieved 7 April, 2007, from http://smallbusiness.yahoo.com/r-article-a-11158-m-61-sc-100-tyco_international_to_become_3_companies-i Verschoor, C. (2006). Tyco: an ethical metamorphosis. Strategic Finance      

Design innovation in pakistan textile Literature review

Design innovation in pakistan textile - Literature review Example The university is committed to interdisciplinary and modern teaching. Its dedication towards diversity is essential an environment where learners, teachers, faculty in addition to other shareholders are exposed to manifold opportunities for personal, intellectual and professional growth. This university which is located in Quetta enrolls 1000 in a single semester. It received its charter on 18th July 2002 and is intended to be one of the best educators in Systems and Management attracting students from across the nation. It is currently offering bachelor and master degrees in Business Administration, Computer Science and Engineering as well as post-graduate diploma in Computer Science. Hajvery University (HU) is a government University whose motto is unveiling the veiled. It is a recognized institute of higher education started in Lahore Pakistan and is licensed by the Pakistan government as an Autonomous Degree awarding Institute. The institute has further started an addition of three campuses in Pakistan and the fourth one is under way in Dubai. It is recognized across the world through associations letting learners and staffs have the advantage of replacing agreements with more than 35 universities. The university enrolls 3,000-3,999 per year and has an exceptional employment records in Pakistan. Beaconhouse National University seeks to offer learners with an immense selection of course and degrees to select from, as per their career interests and personality character. Additionally, it offers broad-based learning whereby learners are exposed to different subject so that to get a better professional understanding of world, therefore preparing student for life opportunities as well as challenges. BNU is a government chartered university having been established in 2003 for bringing education with contemporary, rational,

Answering 8 Questions Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

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DISCUSSION QUESTION RESPONSE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 38

DISCUSSION QUESTION RESPONSE - Essay Example I also completely agree with what you said about dealing with a challenging person in terms of gossip and jokes. I had not considered this aspect before, but I think you are right that it might hurt your credibility with that person. According to an article entitled â€Å"How to communicate effectively with difficult and challenging personalities,† it is vital that a person is very organized and has what they are going to say planned out when talking to a challenging person(Sabol). I definitely think you hit the nail on the head with this idea when you talked about sending them further information like a credible website after speaking with them. I think doing this allows the challenging person some time to think over what you have said and work through any of their doubts or concerns with what was said as well. In talking to an open minded person, you mentioned that you might ask their thoughts on certain things. I think that is a good idea because it lets this person know that you care about their thoughts and ideas and are open to suggestion. The one thing that I think is difficult in a workplace environment, however, is the process of identifying which person fits into which category, especially in terms of peers, challenging people, and open-minded people. In your opinion, how do you decide who fits into what category before embarking on a specific persuasion or communication technique? Sabol, Byron. "How to Communicate Effectively with Difficult and Challenging Personalities." EzineArticles. 2007. Web. 12 Jan. 2012.

Financial & Budgetary Management. Planning Business Performance Essay

Financial & Budgetary Management. Planning Business Performance - Essay Example A budget is a report statement of management’s plans for a specific time period expressed in financial terms (Weygant & Kieso & Kimmel, 2002, p.982). The purpose of this report is to describe the important of a budgeting function and the way it can easily implanted into a business information system. A budget is created to meet the desired timeframe a manager desires. The period of time a budget is created for is a one year accounting period, which is typically aligned with the company fiscal year or the natural year. A budget is an extremely valuable tool that provides decision makers with many advantages. Some of these advantages include; Budgeting is based on the amount of expected economic resources a firm estimates it will generate. Sales are the main source of economic incentive for companies. A budget is created in order to determine the resources need to create the target sales total. The value of a lot of business variables are determined based on expected revenue outcomes. The amount of material purchases, labor requirements, machinery upgrades, information system maintenance among other factors are determined based on an annual budget of a corporation. Budgets are associated with the responsibility centers such as cost centers, profit centers and investment centers. The return on investment of an investment center is studied based on the investment budget which allows the owner to create different profit forecast by manipulating the data from the budget of the investment project. The evaluation that takes place utilizing budgets is data that can be trust if it meets the basic performance standards: Accountability provides budgets with the credibility among professionals since it ensures the system is protected from material error. Accountability is one of many qualities that ensure the quality of the information in the budgeting system. Timeliness, authority, objectivity and accuracy are other variable that ensure quality information is

Cis333 week 6 case study 2 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cis333 week 6 2 - Case Study Example The increase in information related crimes is responsible for presence of enhanced information security in organizations today (Lindsey, 2014). Technically, motivations for information related crimes are attributed to the economic importance of private information in technology platforms. For example, cyber attackers seek secret and valuable information either for economic benefits or for terrorism related causes. Whatever the motivating factors, organizations handling private information have a duty to protect and prevent valuable information from ending up into wrong hands. Consequently, organizations typically utilize information security systems like Microsoft Server Active Directory domains, and Public Key Infrastructure to foster information security. Undeniably, some information security systems are better than others. As the Information Security Director for a software company, I would prefer the use of Public Key Infrastructure to Microsoft Server domain in safeguarding vital information inside the organization. Technically, Public Key Infrastructure, commonly abbreviated as PKI, is a system of standardized policies and sequenced procedures meant to secure the sharing of information (Kim & Michael, 2014). In the past, hackers have successfully penetrated network infrastructures by employing tactics like sniffing, man-in-the-middle attack, and denial-of-service among others. These hacking tactics are usually easy to apply when attacking non encrypted networks. In this context, information security developers have learned the benefits of encryption, and distribution of authentication components through independent digital certificates. In essence, Public Key Infrastructure combines the concepts of digital certificates and key en cryption in maintaining network security (Carlisle & Lloyd, 2013). Digital certificates are essentially digitized signatures of the certificate’s holder. In conventional platforms, digital certificates would be

Anthropology of humor Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Anthropology of humor - Assignment Example Grandparents and grandchildren are expected to fill this role. The worst choice of local mediator would be anj-umba who has a bukangandu (cold, distant) relationship with both Anji and Ego. The anj-umba would likely sit and stare into space, having no eye contact with either Anji or Ego. Obviously, this strategy would not settle any disputes; and more tension would occur. The worst choice of mediator would be the Western marriage councilor. The Western therapist would have no idea what the issues were or how resolution works among the Ndake. The Westerner would try to delve into root causes and common ground when the Ndake resolve the hurt feelings, not the topic of conflict. The Western African conflict resolution technique is intriguing. The core conflict is less important than the relationship resolution. This form of therapy actually mirrors the Golden Rule well; do you want others to forgive your transgressions, if so, then forgiving others now sets that precedent. Ethnic humor is disturbing when used to target a group for ridicule. It is a common form of toxic humor. Some groups choose to joke about themselves as a form of therapy. The danger is separating those who laugh â€Å"with† and those who laugh â€Å"at†. Jewish humor serves to teach, explain and maintain dignity among the Jews. The Talmud Law teachings could be so complex, traditional Jewish humor used absurdity to define limits of these laws. Throughout history, Jews have been in the entertainment business disproportionately. Vaudeville acts would go to the Catskills and the Borscht Belt circuit. Now television has a large Jewish entertainer population. Saul Bellow, famous Jewish author, claims the oppressed must be witty as a survival skill. (BrainyQuote.com) The Jewish humor is based on religious belief, of course, assimilation into society, self deprecation and wits. Laughing with your peer group helps understand the human comedy that is that group. From

UML Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

UML - Essay Example It is a highly expressive language, addressing all the views needed to develop and deploy such systems. The UML has gained substantial industry support from various organizations through the UML Partners Consortium and has been approved by the Object Management Group (OMG) as a criterion. The UML provides the rules and the vocabulary for conceptual and physical representation of a system. Additionally, UML renders the guidelines to create and read well-formed models of systems. Employing UML, application architects and programmers can make a blueprint of a project that visualizes the relationship between elements of software, which in turn makes the actual development process of the software easier. The originator of UML, the Rational Rose from Rational Software, is the most popular visual modeling tool. The UML is a modeling language that focuses on capturing, communicating and levering knowledge. However, the UML is not restricted to modeling software systems; it can also be utiliz ed for modeling non-software systems. It helps in visualizing a system in that it can be used to visually depict a system before it is deployed. It helps in specifying systems in that it addresses "what" is required of system, and "how" the system may be deployed. By constructing a system, UML applies for guiding the realization of a system similar to a "blueprint", and by documenting a system UML applies for capturing knowledge about a system throughout its development (Xpdian.com, 2009). Relationships in UML: 1. Dependency: It is a semantic relationship between two things in which a change to one thing (independent element) may affect the semantics of another thing (dependent element). Graphically, a dependency is rendered as a directed dashed line, including labels. 2. Association: It is a structural relationship that describes a asset of links, a link being connection among objects. Graphically, an association is rendered as a directed solid line, including a label, and often containing adornments like multiplicity, role names, etc. 3. Generalization: It is a specialization/generalization relationship in which objects of the specialized element (child) can be substituted for objects of the generalized element (parent). Graphically, a generalization is rendered as a solid line with a hollow arrowhead pointing to the parent. 4. Realization: It is a semantic relationship between classifiers, in which one classifier defines a contract that another classifier guarantees to execute. This relationship is seen in two places, between interfaces and the classes or components that realize them, and between use cases and collaborations that realize them. Graphically, a realization is rendered as a cross between generalization and a dependency relationship (Xpdian.com, 2009). UML defines nine types of diagrams: Class Diagrams: Class diagrams are the backbone of every object oriented method, including UML, and are most common diagrams found in modeling object oriented systems. Class diagrams address the static view/ structure of a system. Object Diagrams: Object diagrams represent static snapshots of instances of the things found in class diagrams. In other words, these diagrams describe the static structure of a system at a particular time. They are designed to test class diagrams for accuracy. Use Case

News As a Show Essay Example for Free

News As a Show Essay The mass media have provoked an important change in the way to inform. According to Jose Alberto Garcia Aviles (2003) www.boletinbit.tv/noticias/archivo/bit44_infotainment.htm the mix of information and entertainment is not a new phenomenon, it is known with the name of infotainment. The problem of this is that the majority of the news have become in a show. The main consequence of infotainment is that the information becomes in a business, where the citizens are the consumers. The Companies of Audiovisual information observes the target. Its objective is get much more audience to obtain much more money and to have less competence. My hypothesis about the news as a show is focused in catastrophes, accidents or personal tragedies inside TV, since these are the clearest example to know why nowadays the news are treated as a show. According to C.A.C (Audiovisual Council of Catalunya) www.audisualcat.net the news about catastrophes, accidents or personal tragedies provokes an emotional alteration towards people and the journalists. This kind of news creates public interest by means of solidarity and pain or morbid curiosity. The people have the need to know what has happened because they have a proximity feeling, of this way the Audiovisual Companies create a demand of information. The journalists and the Audiovisual Companies have the power of information. They have a big responsibility about this topic because they are who decide: to present a straight report on the events of the day or to broadcast the news as a show. To obtain more audience, they broadcast morbid images about catastrophes because they have much more impact in the persons. There are a connection between the morbid images and the proximity of people. If they emit these images, they get much more audience, as soon as it is a strategy of market because it is a way to compete with the others TV channels. My hypothesis studies the responsibility that the journalists and the audiovisual Companies have when they inform about tragic events. The problem is that while ones have right to inform and to be informed, others have right to hide its intimacy. The journalists and the Audiovisual Companies have to know the allowed limit to record a tragic event. They must minimize the effects of disaster and they must have conscience about the repercussion of its activity. REPERCUSSION The image is more impact than the voice. For this reason, the broadcasted news through TV affects much more to people. The journalists responsibility in TV is bigger than in others mass media; because a shocking image is very difficult forget it. The problem is that these images can be harmful to the victims, family, citizen, etc. If the broadcasted image is very morbid, provably it will have a seriously repercussion toward the family. Example: a morbid image of a boy hurt seriously in a war. Is very different to know that this boy has died, than see him to die. The family must be informed but it doesnt deserve more pain. SOLUTIONS The journalists and Audiovisual Companies must find the balance between right to inform and right to the intimacy when they emit information and images about catastrophes, accidents or personal tragedies. According to C.A.C (Audiovisual Council of Catalunya) www.audisualcat.net the journalists have the obligation to inform to people about their right to the intimacy. Sometimes the people dont know it and the journalists make the most of them. Others times the Authorities, who should inform, dont do it, therefore the journalists look for victims and affected people to cover the news. Informing about this topic is not easy, for that reason the Audiovisual Companies should help and give to the journalists, moral support to guarantee good information. Another possible solution could be dont emit information constantly because it can increase the tragic effects. As well, they should shun the repeated use of the same images and the information that doesnt contribute anything new. The journalists also should avoid the zooms, close-up, etc. because it implies much more to the people. The lexical used in the news is very important. They shouldnt use adjectives, common places. of a dramatic manner because it can frighten to the people. The broadcast of images reflecting hunger, pain, bitterness, poverty, etc. can provoke moral damages. Violent images EFFECTS AND CONSEQUENCES The most dominant mass media is the TV. The image is an important factor inside TV because a bad use of this can cause a lot of consequences. When the journalists inform about tragedies, many times broadcast very violent images. According to Potter (1999), this can provoke immediate effects or long-term effects: IMMEDIATE EFFECTS 1. DISINHIBITION: it is a behavioural effect (Potter, 1999). This effect is related with justification of violence. Potter et al. (1999, p.90) notes that: Retaliatory motives, such as revenge, appear to be the strongest in leading to disinhibition. The causal path may go from motives to justification to disinhibition. That is, when a motive legitimates the violence, that violence is regarded as justified, and viewers are more likely to exhibit a disinhibition effect. One of the most important features of the news is the objectivity. Its not the same to explain news from the point of view of society than from the perpetrator. The National Television Study, (in Potter, 1999) say that: Much of the violence is justified. It is because sometimes the violent news is broadcasted from the point of view of the perpetrator. Potter and Ware, 1987 (in Potter, 1999) affirm that: The amount of justification changes depending on the perspective from which it is judged. Potter and Ware (1987) found that 93% of violent instances were justified from the perspective of the perpetrator, not by society. Therefore, the point of view can determine the opinion of people. When the tragedies are justified, provoke to people a feeling of disinhibition because they can get to understand the perpetrator attitude. 2. FEAR: it is an emotional effect (Potter, 1999). The violent images can alter the life behaviour of people because this can create fear. The fear can cause a mental disorder and it can have serious consequences. The people live scared, thinking that they could be the next victims. 3. DESENSITIZATION: every day appears much more violence in the news. As a consequence, people get into the habit to see violent images. This habit provokes a lack of sensibility. People lose sensibility towards violent images. LONG-TERM EFFECTS 1. AGGRESSIVENESS: it is a behavioural effect (Potter, 1999). Potter et al. (1999, p.42) notes that: Exposure to violent portrayals in the media increases subsequent viewer aggression. The violence, doesnt affect of the same way to all people. It depends on the persons, family, background social, etc. There are people who are more sensitive towards violence and they can imitate it. The TV is a powerful mass media and it not only entertain also teaches us. The violent images of the TV can transmit aggressiveness to the people; even people can learn to behave aggressively (Potter, 1999). THE PRIMARY EFFECTS *According to Liebert an Schwartzberg, 1977 (in Potter, 1999) the direct imitation and disinhibition are primary effects. *According to The National Television Violence Study, 1997-1998 (in Potter, 1999) learning, desentization and fear also are primary effects. Violent images SITUATION IN ENGLAND AND OTHER COUNTRIES Many studies show that in the whole world there is a high index of violence in the television, and it is exposed of an antisocial manner (Potter, 1999). Potter et al. (1999, p.56) notes that: The United States leads the world in the prevalence of violence on television. Violence is less prevalent on TV in countries other than the United States. William, 1982 (in Potter, 1999) found: 18.5 acts of aggression per hour in North American Television. Furthermore the aggressive scenes were longer (Potter, 1999). Great Britain has a lot of violence in the news. According to Broadcasting Standards Council, 1993 (in Potter, 1999) The highest rate was found on national news (7,5 scenes per hour). According to Kapoor, 1994 (in Potter, 1999) Korea has very few violence compare to other countries since in general it has less than 8%. By other hand, according to Mustonen and Pulkkinen, 1993 (in Potter, 1999) Finland has the rate highest of violence in cartoons. It is because the majority of imported programs come of North America (Potter, 1999). Mustonen and Pulkkinen, 1993 (in Potter, 1999) say that: They attributed much of the aggression to importation from other countries According to Goonasekera Lock, 1990 (in Potter, 1999) in Asia, although there is less violence in the TV, it is much more blood and gloried. In Japan, the rate of violence is very similar to the American ones (Potter, 1999). Iwao, de Sola Pool, Hagiwara, 1981b (in Potter, 1982) think that: In Japan, 2.3 min/hr were violent, compared with 2.4 in the United States. In this country there are much more verbal violence than physical violence. Normally, the physical scenes of violence show persons suffering. Japan, has the highest rate of violence in cartoons: 14.3 scenes per hour (Potter, 1999). According to C.A.C (Audiovisual Council of Catalunya) www.audisualcat.net , in a Barcelona (Spain) local TV called BTV, the dominant topic inside news are the aggressions. This graph above shows the time for each new shown on TV. Violent images OPINIONS According to Lorry, 1997 (in Potter, 1999) a recent poll about the violence on TV shows that 70% of public opinion thinks that occasionally the violence on TV provokes people an aggressive behaviour. A U.S. News World Report (in Potter, 1999) poll found that: 92% of Americans think that the television contributes to violence in U.S. Bybee, Robinson, Turow, 1982 (in Potter, 1999) notes that: According to a poll of 500 college-level teachers and communication scholars, 66% believed that exposure to television increases aggressive behaviour. CONCLUSION According to CAC (Audiovisual Council of Catalunya) www.audisualcat.net, the professionals of the information have not a lot of references, which force them to adopt a critic attitude of their activity. Therefore the journalists responsibility is larger because they are who decide to broadcast the news as a show. The 11th and 12th of December, 2000 I went to a conference about informative treatment of personal tragedies that took place inside C.A.C (Audiovisual Council of Catalunya). In this conference, many important people talked about the journalists responsibility, right to inform, right to intimacy, repercussion, effects, consequences, etc. During two days they talked about a personal tragedy: 28 children died as a consequence of an accident between a truck and a bus in Soria (Spain). The 30th of March 2002 two trains crash face to face in Torredembarra (Spain). When that news was reported, every channel offered different information about the catastrophe. For example: while ones reported that there were 3 dead and 60 injured, others stated that there werent any dead and the injured were just 51. The journalists must assume the difficulty of their work. They have so much responsibility that they cant commit this kind of mistakes because the consequences can be huge. According to the law, the intimacy is a right. Although the journalists and the Audiovisual Companies know it, most of them dont respect it. The main problem is that although the affected people sue them, the problem doesnt disappear. The Audiovisual Companies think: if the affected people sue us, we would lose 70 millions. Ok! We will get 90 millions if we broadcast the violent images, therefore its better for us! Then my question is: what should a mother do if she sees how journalists record her dead son and she knows that although she can sue them, they will continue getting money thanks to it? BIBLIOGRAFY WEBS RESOURCES www.audiovisualcat.net/ http://www.boletinbit.tv/noticias/archivo/bit44_infotainment.htm BOOKS Potter, W. J. (1999) On Media Violence. United States: Sage Publications, Inc. JUDITH NAVARRO J0274939 BROADCAST JOURNALISM PHILIP CROOKES 9TH OF DECEMBER

American History X Essay Example for Free

American History X Essay American History X is a film that centered on two brothers and how their lives changed when their father died. The story revolved around discrimination and racism. But most importantly, the movie emphasized the capability of an individual to change. The main character, Derek Vinyard, transformed into a racist when his father died â€Å"in the line of duty by a minority† and when he killed two black men who tried to rob him. Before he entered prison, Derek had already a preconceived notion that Blacks were menace to the society and that the Whites were the superior race. However, inside the penal complex, he found out that â€Å"there is good and bad in every race. † So to prevent his younger brother, Danny, from committing the same mistakes, Derek encouraged him to be open-minded and disregard all the things that were inculcated to him when they were members of the Neo-Nazi group (IMDb). This movie was able to show three sociological concepts namely: differential association, racism and social inequality. Differential association is a learning theory which focused on the processes by which individuals come to commit criminal acts (Hamlin). In the film, this was shown when Derek joined the neo-Nazi group; he started to adapt a more delinquent lifestyle like thrashing the local grocery store. Meanwhile, racism is defined as the idea that race sets the difference in the personality or competency of an individual which results to some race being better than the others (Eckert). This concept was portrayed when Seth and Danny were having a conversation. Seth asked Danny who he hated and Danny replied, â€Å"I hate anyone that isnt white Protestant. Theyre a burden to the advancement of the white race† (Kaye). Lastly would be social inequality which refers to the â€Å"ways in which socially-defined categories of persons (according to characteristics such as gender, age, ‘class’ and ethnicity) are differentially positioned with regard to access to a variety of social ‘goods’ like education† (Centre for East European Language-Based Area Studies). In the movie, this was represented when two Black guys were trying to steal Derek’s truck. This shows how some races are well off than the others because they have better jobs, houses and benefits. I think American History X is an eye-opening film about the presence of discrimination, prejudice and hatred in the society due to difference in race. More so, the movie tried to relay the message that delinquency is learned and it can be unlearned if an individual is put in a better environment. When Derek went to prison, he realized that race was not a major issue that separated one individual from another; it was more on how a person presented himself/herself to a group. In the end, it would always be every man for himself in this dog eat dog world. Works Cited â€Å"American History X. † 2009. IMDb. 28 May 2009 http://www.imdb. com/title/tt0120586/plotsummary American History X. Dir. Tony Kaye. New Line Cinema, 1999. â€Å"New Dimensions of Social Inequality? † n. d. Centre for East European Language-Based Area Studies. 28 May 2009 http://www. ceelbas. ac. uk/research/socialinequality Eckert, Susan. â€Å"What is Racism, Prejudice, Discrimination, Bias, and Xenophobia? 7 December 2007. Suite101. com. 28 May 2009 http://racism. suite101. com/article. cfm/definition_of_racism_other_terms Hamlin, John. â€Å"Differential Association Theory. † March 2006. University of Minnesota Duluth. 28 May 2009 http://www. d. umn. edu/~jhamlin1/sutherland. html

Factors Affecting Trade Volume

Factors Affecting Trade Volume Introduction The area of research for this thesis focuses on empirical study determinants of trade volume of Asian developing economies; which constitute the success of global trade. The relationship among determinants of trade studied in the context of developing economies which includes: Pakistan, India, China, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. Factors those affects on trade includes: Tariff, Import duty, Inflation, Foreign Direct Investment (F.D.I), Exchange Rate, Transportation Cost and Gross domestic Product (G.D.P) affect on trade volume, based on gravity equation framework in which foreign trade depend in between countries. To accomplish this purpose by using standard gravity model, study comprises multivariate regression on trade of Asian economies. Study found that trade depend on distance in between countries, wealth, tariff and non tariff barriers (N.T.Bs) like exchange and capital control. Export volume of an economy measures trade volume of a particular country to indicate economic growth of a particular country (Tamirisa, 1999). An Economy that have positive balance of trade, improve economic growth of a particular country due to effective economic and financial performance. Besides this basic affects exchange and capital controls influence trade through other channels, for example, transaction cost, exchange rate, foreign exchange risk and trade financing. Capital control in particular country affect on trade in goods by reducing inter temporal trade and portfolio diversification, which may substitute or complement intra temporal trade (Tamirisa, 1999). Therefore, this thesis aims to study determinants of trade volume based on developing economies. A restricted trade policies imposed by a government is harm for a trade. Study found that world trade organization (W.T.O) rules regulations foster trade volume based on strategic planning of global trade at this competitive era. Despite the net economic and social benefits; most governments reduce subsidies and open economic trade. It has been realized in this study manufacturing tariffs remained high in developing countries. However; subsidies and trade policies affects on agricultural, textile and service industries of both rich and poor countries which continued hamper efficient resource allocation, economic growth and poverty alleviation (Anderson, 2004). Fundamentally, capital controls affects on trade by decreasing inter temporal trade and portfolio diversification. The impact of trade in goods depends, if trade in goods and trade in factors are substitute (for example, as found in the basic Heckscher-Ohlin model) the volume of trade in goods likely to fall. If trade in goods and trade in factors are complement (as, for example, in some models with increasing returns to scale), the volume of trade in goods increases (Tamirisa, 1999). The empirical evidence indicates that foreign direct investment tend to increase host countries export and import due to liquidity in a financial market. Foreign direct investment and exports are alternative strategies in this case. Since multinational companies (M.N.Cs) avoid to pay tariff. They initiate subsidiary companies at the host country to cross subsidize in other countries based on strategic management. Capital controls often limit business opportunities for hedging foreign exchange risk and trade financing, thus inhibit trade (Tamirisa, 1999). The gravity equation is one of the most empirically successful studies. It relates trade flow to GDP, distance and other factors that affects on the volume of trade (Anderson and Wincoop, 2003). For this purpose, the overall effects of trade barriers on Asian developing economies empirically studied, analyzed, tested and resulted. Justification For The Research This study is timely significant for theoretical, methodological and practical reasons. With regards to theoretical significance; this study contributes to the literature based on their specification. Determinants of trade volume of Asian developing economies comprises, Pakistan, India, China, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka to identify their trade issues with respect to other regions based on gravity equation framework. As mentioned in empirical literature, determinants of trade volume contribute their significance at this competitive era, where lot of resistance exists at global market. While competition indicate threat for any type of business either manufacturing or service industry. On other hand trade barriers like Tariff, Import duty, Capital Control through Foreign direct investment (F.D.I), Transportation cost and Inflation raise more critical issues to survive in this competitive era. This study also practically signifies from management prospective for those entrepreneurs intending to cross subsidize their business at global market to retain their leading market share. Results of this study provide guidelines for entrepreneurs to identify their, Economic and Socio-Cultural issues that lead to trade barriers for their investment. This study support them based on empirical understanding about trade barriers of developing economies and how it affects on trade. Finally, this study will benefit on strategic decision making to implement trade policies in global market. This chapter comprises the foundation of this study. It introduces research objective and focus on trade and its determinants based on theoretical practical justification of this research. Then major terms used in this study are discussed comprehensively. Literature Review This chapter based on comprehensive literature review, those are useful for this study. The objective is to evaluate determinants of trade volume in the context of literature review. To this end, this chapter divided into three sections. First section deal broadly with trade and its determinants for which this thesis first explains determinants of trade and then model based empirical finding those are relevant to this research. The second section will investigate theoretical perspective and determinants of trade. The third section interlinks determinants of trade with empirical findings based on Asian developing economies. In short, this thesis first discuss trade theories as mentioned in the literature and then pertinent model present; which will not only explain trade theories but also highlight the link determinants of trade and developing economies. Overview Of International Trade It is a well accepted idea that free trade benefits all countries around the world; it is also a well known fact that hardly any country has always been practice free trade policies. Traditionally trade theories contend that government intervenes on foreign trade because of political pressure from interest groups. Since import can pose a threat to domestic industries, these industries lobby intensely for trade protection (Krueger, 1974, Pincus 1975, Mayer 1984). Other studies suggest that governments are tempted to use trade bargaining to gain larger share from global trade (Morishima, 1989); [Cheng, Liu, and Yang, 1999]. International trade is more or less substitute of foreign investment. On the contrary factor proportion hypothesis [Helpman, 1984; Markusen, 1984; Helpman and Krugman, 1985; Ethier and Horn, 1990] seems to predict that international trade and investments are complement as firms take advantage of factor price differences through cross border vertical integration. According to Aizenman, Joshua and Ilan Noy (2005), it is common to expect bidirectional linkage between FDI and trade. However, it is difficult to indicate whether inflows and outflows of FDI affect directly on trade in different types of goods and services. Study found there is strong feedback relationship between FDI and trade; especially in manufacturing industries. There is some evidence indicate trade enhancement lead to extensive competition in domestic and global market at this era (S. and W. Chaisrisawatsuk, 2007). Economic integration promises to raise trade volume through trade creation by engaging trade agreements. At micro level, interdependence between international trade and investment is magnified through intra firm trade (trade among foreign affiliates), outsourcing of raw material, intermediate goods, output and firms vertical integration behavior (S. and W. Chaisrisawatsuk, 2007). Since trade liberalization implies a liberated (less costly) movement of goods and services while investment liberalization implies better environment for movement of resources. Increasing international trade based on sustainable comparative advantage is a key condition for countries to realize gain from global trade. If trade and investment are complementary, FDI inflow supposed to enhance gain from trade. In addition, FDI inflow to the host country expected to improve efficiency and productivity of factors production, therefore it enhances the countrys competitiveness (S. and W. Chaisrisawatsuk, 2007). This study applies gravity model approach to investigate the relationship between international trade and foreign investment. Generally, countries with similar resources produce similar products. However, existence of two way trade (Bilateral Trade) in similar products and two way investments among developed as well as developing economies indicates that there is a room for trade and investment. Thus, simultaneous equation estimate is more appropriate approach used in order to capture feedback effects between trade and investment in order to examine relationships between trade and investment (S. and W. Chaisrisawatsuk, 2007). Factors Influence International Trade Study found that tariff, inflation, transportation costs are critical factors affect on trade of developing economies. The empirical evidence indicates foreign direct investment tends to increase host countries exports, although the impact on imports is relatively weak. In the presence of tariff barriers, however restrictions on foreign direct investment distort trade. According to the static general equilibrium model, trade is determined by the wealth and size of countries. While distance has a negative effect on trade, in a part because of trade costs (e.g., transportation and communication) are likely increase with respect to distance. Tariff barrier in the importing countries also tend to have a negative, albeit insignificant effect on exports into these countries. While Per capita, G.D.P and Population, on other hand, have significant positive effects on exports (Tamirisa, 1999). Factors those affect on trade justify in detail below. Tariff A tariff is a tax on import which is collected by the federal government to build infrastructure of a particular country. Tariff usually aims first to limit import and second to raise government revenue, thats reason multinational corporations (M.N.Cs) avoid to pay tariff. And initiate subsidiary companies at host country through cross subsidization to retain their leading market share at global market. Empirical studies found tariff lead to trade distortion due to it have a negative effect on trade which raises the cost of trade. Due to tariff rates significantly reduce export of developing and transition economies (Tamirisa, 1999). Model predicts the presence of trade barriers, such as tariffs and non-tariff barriers (N.T.Bs) diminish trade volume. The empirical study found tariff rate interact with the estimated share of free trade. Since trade distortions caused by tariffs; which indicate low growth rate in a country that needs to import more under free trade regime. Government intervenes in foreign transactions by imposing tariff on import of foreign goods. Therefore, tariff has two effects on economy, namely distortion of resource allocation and the transfer of revenue. Thus, distortion effects of tariffs on the growth rate evidently hinge free trade (Lee, 1993). Empirical study found large variation in trade, caused by tariffs and transportation cost. Tariff liberalization shift trade from rich to poor and domestic to global countries, this estimates imply that elimination of tariff create more trade for poor countries. It is also implies that tariff elimination would divert trade away from continental to preferential trading areas. It has been studied in empirical literature tariffs, distance and production costs are important factors affect on trade; study found tariffs reduce trade significantly. Where low tariff rate is exists among organization of economic cooperation and development (O.E.C.D) countries. While high tariff is exist among Non-O.E.C.D countries. Therefore elimination of tariff rate would raise global trade significantly (Lai and Zhu, 2004). Inflation It has been realized in comprehensive literature review inflation tends to hamper the volume of trade and slow down economic growth. The initial effects arise from decreased in domestic demand. Thus, result rises in price fluctuation relative to those competing or importing countries (Lovasy, 1962). The initial affects of inflation is an increase the price of goods and services in domestic market, which makes selling on that market more profitable than export. Since market price influence a volume of trade. However inflationary affects tend to encourage such change with a view to raise the price of commodity and maintain it high level. The creation of substitute adversely affects on the volume of trade. If inflation prolong over a period of years, trade will adversely affect through structural changes in an economy (Lovasy, 1962). The affects of inflation on exports may be counteracted by government actions in various forms like: adjustment of exchange rates, retention quota, subsidies on exports (either straight or through multiple rate practices). In other hand devaluation or gradual depreciation of exchange rate will raise the prices of trade (Lovasy, 1962). Since many other factors influence export, inflation can be a visible affects if it lead the price out of line with price in competing countries or importing areas (Lovasy, 1962). On the other hand, extensive empirical research such as Levine and Renelt (1992), Levine and Zervos (1993), Stanners (1993), Bruno and Easterly (1998) and Easterly (2003) indicate negative relationship between inflation and economic growth (Chowdhury and Siregar, 2004). Transportation Cost Transportation cost is one of the significant factor affects on trade. The importance of geography has been recognized by Moneta (1959) as well as by Hummels (1998). It was found that distance is a critical factor in-between country, whether they share common border or they are landlocked. The infrastructure depends on transport and communications network. Study found that infrastructure is quantitatively important factor to determine transport cost (LimÃÆ' £o and Venables, 2001). Generally these types of cost associated in foreign trade. 1. Physical Shipping cost. 2. Time related cost (Lead Time). 3. Cost of cultural unfamiliarity. Among these costs physical and shipping cost obvious with respect to distance in a trade (Frankel, 1997 quoted from Linnemann, 1996). Generally neighbor countries have more integrated logistics network that reduce number of trans-shipments. Second, neighboring countries are more likely to have transit and custom agreements that reduce transit time and translate into lower shipping and insurance cost. This suggests that distance affects trade volumes through transportation costs and through other channels such as information, which is often associated with distance. It has been realized that poor communication network leads to higher transportation cost, which significantly affect on the volume of trade (LimÃÆ' £o and Venables, 2001). Transportation cost negatively affect on trade volumes due to complex geographical location, infrastructure, administrative barriers and the structure of shipping industry. Based on comprehensive literature review, land locked countries face transportation cost fifteen percent higher and lower trade volumes than representative coastal countries (LimÃÆ' £o and Venables, 2001). Exchange And Capital Control Study found that most countries have liberalize policy on transfers payments; since economic policy is increasingly shifting toward liberalize transaction. Exchange control acts as a tax on foreign currency required for purchasing goods and services. Besides this basic effect, exchange and capital controls influence trade through other channels as well, for example, transaction cost; exchange rates, foreign exchange risk and trade financing. Study found that exchange and capital control often raise transaction cost (Tamirisa, 1999). Furthermore, exchange and capital controls can reduce trade by limiting the transfer of technology, managerial expertise and skills through foreign direct investment. Capital controls often limit business opportunities for hedging foreign exchange risk and trade financing. Thus inhibit trade volume in the presence of capital control. Exchange and capital control on other hand, often associated with an overvalued exchange rate, which inhibit trade. Moreover capital controls help to retain domestic savings and higher saving leads to higher investment in export sectors; thus trade may increase (Tamirisa, 1999). Study found that capital controls are critical barrier to export into developing and transition economies; but not to industrialized countries. These findings attribute to capital controls, which noticeably reduce export into developing and transition economies and have only a minor negative impact on export for developed economies. Reason is that industrial economies have relatively liberal regimes for global capital movement. While many developing and transition economies continue maintain various capital controls (Tamirisa, 1999). Exchange and capital controls affect trade through interrelated channels, including transaction cost, and volatility of exchange rate, inter temporal trade, and portfolio diversification. Study realized exchange and capital control have a negative impact on export. However, this result varies depending on the level of development in the country and type of exchange and capital control. These results may reflect the extent, to which restrictions on current payment and transfers have been liberalized (Tamirisa, 1999). Gross Domestic Product Trade cost operates primarily via price. In the context of monopolistic competition model, difficulty is created by the complexity of constant elasticity substitution (C.E.S) price index in the presence of asymmetric trade costs. To resolve this difficulty, three approaches have been taken: 1. G.D.P price indexes are used to capture the price effects in the gravity equation as Bergstrand (1985, 1989) and Baier and Bergstrand (2001). 2. Estimated border effects are used to measure the price effects, as in Anderson and Wincoop (2003) and Balistreri and Hillberry (2001). 3. Fixed effects are used to account for the price effects, as in Harrigan (1996), Hummels (1999), Redding and Venables (2002), and others (Lai and Zhu, 2004). Turn to an empirical investigation export from one country to other trading partners depends on gross domestic product (G.D.P). By using [Rauchs, 1999] classification sample consist in groups: homogeneous goods, differentiated goods in between categories. On the basis of gravity equation framework trade in each of these groups move from homogeneous to differentiated goods; studies found elasticity of export with respect to G.D.P rise significantly. These findings are empirically significant both economically and statistically. The G.D.P of exporting country is found to be a powerful explanatory variable to explain trade relations. There are demographic variables such as G.D.P and population which relate to the size and stage of economic development based on export and import in between countries. These factors are included in the study despite controlling the effect of dependent variable to determine whether size of an economy has an independent influence on trade relations (Feenstra, Markusen, and Rose, 2001). The ratio of trade volume to real G.D.P is often used as an indicator of an economys openness to international trade (Prasad and Gable, 1998). Import Duty Import duties refer to a tax in which importer pay to the government in order to bring foreign products in a particular country. Most of the import duties are figured in a percentage on declared value of the commodity. An import duty differs from product to product and depends on commodity is being imported. Its declared value of origin country. While product group used to assess import duties in between two countries (Sampson and Yeats, 1976). The competitiveness of domestic manufacturers adversely affected vis-ÃÆ'  -vis import because importer liable to pay additional charges due to execution of projects financed by a trading partners (Mukhopadhyay, 2002). Like India fetched excessive price because of banning imports on some goods, they charged very high duty running around the price of goods. These non traditional goods (mainly consumer durables) provided great stimulus to the contraband trade. However, when there is a massive scale of contraband trade, country face substantial loss in term of revenue (Sarvananthan, 1994). Foreign Direct Investment Study found foreign direct investment change industrial structure and trade flow across a country. Since FDI help in cost reduction and export promotion at host countries through up date technology. Foreign direct Investment (FDI) also provides financial resource for investment at a host country. In other hand it provides foreign exchange thats positively affect on the balance of trade. Indeed, in the wake of debt crisis, FDI has come to be viewed as an increasingly important source of revenue for developing countries (Goldar and Ishigami, 1999). Advantage of FDI is that it assists the host country to improve its export performance. By raising the level of efficiency and the standards of product quality, FDI makes a positive impact on the host countrys export. Furthermore, it provides better access to export in foreign markets. According to the Hymer-Kindleberger theory (Kindleberger, 1969) foreign owned firms investment at the host country; if it possesses competitive advantage which allows them sustainable growth. Foreign direct investment plays significant role to promote export and to change industrial structure of Asian countries through transfer of technology. Dunnings eclectic theory of international trade (Dunning, 1988) explain overseas market served by enterprises in different geographical location around the world. According to this theory, firms invest in a country if following conditions are satisfied: Firm possesses some ownership advantages vis-ÃÆ'  -vis firms with other nationalities serving particular markets. It is more beneficial for the firm to produce in foreign country due to update technology and Infrastructure of a particular country (Goldar and Ishigami, 1999). FDI contribute on economic growth of the region through cost reduction and export promotion. On other hand, rapid growth is being attained by the region due to update technology and infrastructure for a particular country. As growth leads to expansion of both domestic and global market (Goldar and Ishigami, 1999). FDI flow in Asia has shifted over a time from Asian Newly Industrialize Economies (N.I.Es) to A.S.E.A.N. While china and Japan have became persistent source of FDI in developing countries (Goldar and Ishigami, 1999). During the past two decades, Taiwan, South Korea, Singapore, and Hong Kong witnessed most rapid economic growth in all developing countries. Their export oriented strategy emphasis on foreign investment and trade is considered the main cause for their success (Amirahmadi and Weiping Wu, 1994). Many countries established Export Processing Zones and Special Economic Zone to promote foreign investment and export to other countries. These zones have preferential treatment in manufacturing process. Their products are targeted for export market. Taiwan and China are the chief example; where these zones have become major attractions of FDI (Amirahmadi and Weiping Wu, 1994). Exports and FDI is complementary instrument in economic growth [Veugelers and Yamawaki, 1991]. Increasing import and inward FDI increase competition on domestic market and reduce domestic firms profitability. FDI allow transfer of technology to produce and sell goods on foreign market. Empirical study found import have positive effects on competitive behavior of domestic firms and have negative effects on their profitability; it has been analyzed theoretically (e.g. by Caves [1985], Jacquemin [1982]) and empirically in the literature (e.g. by Levinsohn [1991], Pugel [1978, 1980], Turner [1980]); (Bertschek, 1995). Based on export oriented group of countries, foreign investment is a more powerful driving force in economic growth process rather than domestic investment. According to this supplementary hypothesis the elasticity of output with respect to foreign capital is predicted as exceeding with respect to domestic capital (Balasubramanyam, Salisu and Sapsford, 1996). Model For Study. Study comprises factors affecting trade volume of developing economies based on gravity equation framework. Foreign trade relation play vital role for economic development. Foreign trade is influenced by multinational corporation (M.N.Cs). These underlying relationships explain the effects, trade barriers of developing economies based on foreign trade relation. This section present trade model and its key concepts used in this study. Determinants of trade and its relationship with trade theory have been identified, tested and resulted. On the basis of comprehensive literature review; it observed that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"tariff, inflation and transportation cost are significant factors affects on trade volume of Asian countries. The trade model tested based on developed hypotheses in the next section of this research. Trade Theory Based on comprehensive literature following are the facets of trade theories focus on various concepts associated with global trade in terms of theories expanded by the scholars. Gravity Model Of Trade Theory Study found that international trade flow well described by a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“gravity equation frameworkà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  indeed, gravity equation is one of the empirical accomplishment stories in economics and trade theories (Feenstra, Markusen and Rose, 1999). The gravity equation framework is one of the most popular empirical evidence for the whole range of spatial relations in economics and international trade over a period of time. Generally it apply to study determinants of trade volume and to assess various regional economic integration with respect to developing economies (Cieslik, 2007). In the context of international trade, gravity equation in its basic form nominate the amount of trade in-between two countries increases in their size and proportion to their national income, and inversely decreases by the cost of transport between them, (As measured by distance between their economic centers). This relationship closely look like Newtons (1687) law of gravitation which states that every atom in the universe attracts other atom with a force that is comparative to the product of their masses and inversely comparative to the distance among particles (Cieslik, 2007). Although gravity equation in its basic form performs a good job to justify foreign trade based on size of trading countries and distance between them. Therefore, in order to improve performance of the gravity equation in empirical studies of trade; one should take into account the impact of other factors that affects on volume of trade (Cieslik, 2007). Theoretical Foundation Of Gravity Model The concept of the gravity model based on Newtons Law of Universal gravitation which relate the force of attraction between two objects with their combined masses and distance between them. The application of gravity model in social sciences empirically proposed by James Stewart in the 1940s (Fitzsimons et al., 1999). And then originally applied to international trade by Tinbergen (1962), the gravity model predicts trade flow between any two countries as a function of their size and distance between them (Walsh, 2006). Economic size is measured by gross domestic product, population and per capita income. Distance typically calculated through transportation cost between countries capital cities. In some studies this is replaced by the measures of remoteness through G.D.P or measure distances relative to the countrys average distance with all trading partners. Extension of this approach is to calculate trade cost with respect to barriers. And other restrictions on trade flow by comparing predicted and actual levels of trade volume (Walsh, 2006). As the empirical applications of the gravity model has grown theoretically over a period of time; foundation of this model have also developed. Beginning with Anderson (1979); who illustrates gravity equation framework is consistent with a model of trade in which products are differentiated by the country of origin (Walsh, 2006). The gravity model is being established in a literature and measure potential trade between countries. The gravity model; defined by the Newtons Law of Gravitation, explain trade flow between two countries. It is one of the most popular empirical associations in economics and international trade. Earlier studies have estimated difference between observed values and predicted values those are calculated through O.L.S estimate of gravity model (Baldwin, 1994; and Nilsson, 2000); (Kalirajan and Singh, 2007). Justification Of The Gravity Model The Newtons physician primarily justify gravity model based on theoretical justification with their combined masses. Second justification for the gravity model was analyzed by Linneman (1966); (Rahman, 2003). Anderson (1979), Bergstrand (1985, 1989), Thursby (1987), Helpman Krugman (1985) share this view. Their studies identify number of variables. However, price and exchange variables can be omitted when products are perfect substitutes for one another in consumer preference. This structure of course, obtains the standard Heckscher-Ohlin (H-O) setting (Jakab 2001); (Rahman, 2003). Empirical Study Study found the gravity model in the context of international trade applied, first time independently by Tinbergen (1962) and PÃÆ' ¶yhÃÆ' ¶nen (1963) but they didnt have any theoretical justification at the beginning. The earliest but not completely successful attempts provide a theoretical justification for the gravity equation by Linneman (1966), Leamer and Stern (1970) and Leamer (1970). However, origin of the gravity equation from a model was not possible till the product homogeneity assumption; since early neoclassical trade literature was relaxed at that time (Cieslik, 2007). The first formal attempt to derive the gravity equation directly from theoretical point of view made by Anderson (1979) based on Armington hypothesis which argues that products differentiated by the country of origin. Anderson (1979) demonstrated to derive gravity equation by using properties of Cobb Douglas expenditure system when goods produced by a country. Andersons (1979) approach subsequently applied and extended by Bergstrand (1985) who derived and summarize equation in terms of trade flow (Cieslik, 2007). An alternative method proposed by Helpman (1987) who completely departed from neoclassical assumptions of traditional Heckscher-Ohlin-Samuelson model. Which assume monopolistic competition and product differentiation among various firm in all industries rather than countri

Lady Macduff as a Foil for Lady Macbeth Essay -- essays research pape

Lady Macduff as a Foil for Lady Macbeth In many of Shakespeare’s plays, there is a major character, and a lesser character whose character traits directly contrast those of the major character. This literary device is called a foil. One example of this exists in the play Romeo and Juliet, in which Mercutrio foils Romeo’s character with his disdain for love and belief in man making his own destiny. Another example of foil exists in William Shakespeare’s play Macbeth. The character of Lady Macduff foils Lady Macbeth in her lack ambition, her genuine love of family life and her devotion to her husband. Although one only gets a brief glimpse at the life that Lady Macduff and her husband share, it is quite easy to assume just how different they are from the Macbeths. One example is simply fr...

The Theater of Dionysus :: essays research papers fc

The Theater of Dionysus The Theater of Dionysus was Europe's first theater, and stood immediately below the Parthenon in Athens, Greece. It was originally built in the late 5th century B.C. The theater was an outdoor auditorium in the shape of a great semicircle on the slope of the Acropolis, with rows of seats on which about eighteen thousand spectators could comfortably seat. The front rows consisted of marble chairs, and were the only seats in the theater that had a back support. The priests of Dionysus and the chief magistrates of Athens reserved these rows. Priests claimed 50 of the 67 front row seats, then came the officials, the guests of honor, then finally the ordinary citizens of Athens. Beyond the front row, stood a circular space called the orchestra where the Chorus would sing and dance, and in the center of which stood the alter of Dionysus. The orchestra level was around 3 meters higher than the shrine. Behind the orchestra, there lied a heavy rectangular foundation known as the stage on which the actors would perform their section of the play. The back of the stage had a building painted to look like the front of a temple or a palace. Here, the actors would retire when they were not needed on stage or would go to when they had to change their costumes. Above lay the deep blue sky, behind it was the Acropolis, and seen in the distance was the olive colored hills and lush green of the forests that surround. The theater was built as a result of the Athenian's religious practice in honor of the god, Dionysos, who personified both wine and fruitfulness. Long before the theater itself was built, an annual ceremonial festival was held for Dionysus in the same spot. This ancient ceremony was performed by choruses of men who sang and danced in the god's honor. Spectators would gather in a circle to watch these dancers; that was the way that the theater took its circular shape. When the theater was built, the performers only sang and danced about the stories of Dionysus's life, then later the stories of other gods and heroes. The stories were told in the form of a song, chanted at first by all who took place, then later by a chorus of about fifty performers. During the intervals of a song, the leader would recite part of the story himself. As time passed, these recitations became more and more important, as it eventually overtook the chorus. They were now presented by two or three people, while the chorus

Essay --

I am applying to Stanford University for admission to the Ph.D. program in Computer Science. My research interests lie in the field of Computational Biology (CB). More specifically, I am interested in employing probabilistic and statistical methods to analyze genomic data more efficiently and accurately. As a statement of purpose of my graduate study, I describe here my academic background, research interests and future career plan. When I began my undergraduate career, I had the opportunity to be exposed to the full range of science courses. I rapidly became fascinated by the beauty of biological sciences and recognized the important role that computing and quantitative methods play in life sciences research. Dr. Dawkins once remarked, ``If you want to understand life, don't think about vibrant, throbbing gels and oozes, think about information technology." I could not agree more that computing (rather than mere experimentation) is the future of life sciences, and the sole idea of blending life sciences and computing in scientific research excites me. I was first officially introduced to the field of CB in my freshman summer, when I worked as a research assistant in the Center for Genomic Sciences, University of Hong Kong (HKU). During this project, I evaluated the performance of the Genome-wide Complex Trait Analysis software, conducting simulation studies based on a thorough literature review. I have gradually cultivated my persistence and self-study ability which I believe is crucial for becoming a researcher. In my second year, I went on exchange in UC Berkeley and audited the graduate course for Statistical Genomics there. Among the 20 or so students taking or auditing the course, I was the sole undergraduate. The course ... ...rful and friendly on this beautiful campus. Everybody here is living in Mr. and Mrs. Stanford's love for their son, and love makes everyday a perfect day. Perhaps this additional reason is not proper in a statement of purpose, but I strongly desire to continue my studies in Stanford, not only because of your excellent faculty and strong interdisciplinary research, but also because I feel that I belong here and my character accords with Stanford's spirit of freedom and love. To me, every step is not a finish, but a new start. I believe that your Ph.D. program would provide an stimulating and challenging environment for me to realize my full potential, and I possess the perseverance, intelligence and motivation to thrive and contribute to your team. I am fully prepared for my next step at the doctoral level in Stanford, and I look forward to this brand new beginning.

The Portrayal of Father to Child Relationship in Robert Hayden’s “Those Winter Sundays”

Marcella English 10 Period: 5 The portrayal of Father to child Relationship in Robert Hayden’s â€Å"Those Winter Sundays† According to photographer and designer Anne Geddes, â€Å"Any man can be a father but it takes someone special to be a dad. † Being a father is not a simple task. â€Å"Those Winter Sundays† exemplifies how difficult fatherhood could be, and how parent to children affection could be hidden by certain circumstances, such as hard living. Through the poem Robert Hayden shows how the speaker is ashamed in believing that his father did not love him, and how now he understands that love is not only shown by words but also by actions.Robert Hayden uses imagery, symbolism and irony of situation to carry the main message of the poem which is about fatherhood. Imagery is the formation of mental images, figures, or likenesses of things, or of such images collectively (dictionary. com). The reader is given mental pictures about the things that occ ur in the poem. First, the reader can imagine a father figure waking up early morning to get wood to make the house warm. It is also implied that the father woke up in the darkness and that he is a ward worker from the first stanza.Readers can also imagine the child’s position in the house, how the child respects his father (stanza 2). The next imagery is the father polishing the child’s shoes, which implies that he takes care of his child/family, placing himself second. Through these imageries, the author has illustrated the fatherly love to his child even in hard circumstances. Another major literary device used in this poem is symbolism. Symbolism is an image or a word that represents something beyond the literal meaning. There are four significant symbols in Those Winter Sundays. The first symbol is winter, which symbolizes misery.It could be in the form of death, old age, sorrows, or regrets. In general, winter means unpleasant or hard times. In this poem the word winter describes the overall mood of it, which is sad and challenging. The next major symbol is Sunday, which in western culture represents the day of rest. It is commonly known as the day of pleasure. Therefore, winter Sundays could symbolize a paradox, describing the contradictory elements of the poem to give more dramatic and ironic effect, because as it is mentioned in line 1 to 3, and the father keeps on working even though it is Sunday.In the same way as winter, cold also represents pain and discomfort. In contradictory to cold, there is fire, which seems to be the solution to the discomfort. Fire can also symbolize love. In this case, all this four symbols are used to build a story of fatherly love. That unfortunately was not clear enough to be noticed by the son at the time. Irony of situation is the difference between what is likely to happen and what actually does happen. Throughout the poem the speaker mentions the Sunday routine of the father, showing how the father wor ked hard for the family’s well being.However, just as the speaker mentions: â€Å"No one ever thanked him† (Line 5). This illustrates how the father worked for the family and its well being, proving that he indeed cared and loved them, as he never waited to be recognized for his actions. Hence never being thanked after all the work. However in the last stanza it is shown how the speaker regrets treating the father indifferently for not verbally showing his love, â€Å"What did I know, what did I know† (Line 13) proving how the speaker has indeed grown more mature, and has finally understood the meaning of sacrifices, and an alternative way of showing love.In conclusion, the poem Those Winter Sundays is a poem of regret and understanding as the speaker finally has understood his father’s love to him. This poem was intended to be personal, from child to father, as an apology for his attitude as a child. Through this poem, the reader could reflect about the sacrifices done by parent. Sacrifices that are often dismissed but that will soon after have an effect in our life.